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Questions and Answers
What is a characteristic of a fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement?
What is a characteristic of a fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement?
Which schedule is likely to produce a high rate of response and is more resistant to extinction?
Which schedule is likely to produce a high rate of response and is more resistant to extinction?
In which type of reinforcement schedule does the time between reinforcements vary?
In which type of reinforcement schedule does the time between reinforcements vary?
Which statement about fixed-interval schedules is true?
Which statement about fixed-interval schedules is true?
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What distinguishes observational learning from other types of learning?
What distinguishes observational learning from other types of learning?
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What role does a discriminative stimulus play in learning?
What role does a discriminative stimulus play in learning?
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Latent learning suggests that knowledge can be acquired without what?
Latent learning suggests that knowledge can be acquired without what?
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Which of the following best describes the impact of variable-ratio schedules on behavior?
Which of the following best describes the impact of variable-ratio schedules on behavior?
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What was the outcome for rats in condition C3 of the maze experiment after 10 trial days?
What was the outcome for rats in condition C3 of the maze experiment after 10 trial days?
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What principle does Bandura's Bobo Doll experiments illustrate?
What principle does Bandura's Bobo Doll experiments illustrate?
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How does exposure to media violence reportedly affect viewers?
How does exposure to media violence reportedly affect viewers?
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What did the rats in condition C2 of the maze study experience?
What did the rats in condition C2 of the maze study experience?
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What does classical conditioning demonstrate through Watson's Little Albert experiment?
What does classical conditioning demonstrate through Watson's Little Albert experiment?
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What is a key factor that affects observational learning according to the discussed content?
What is a key factor that affects observational learning according to the discussed content?
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Which principle states that responses leading to satisfying outcomes are likely to be repeated?
Which principle states that responses leading to satisfying outcomes are likely to be repeated?
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What is an example of a conditioned taste aversion?
What is an example of a conditioned taste aversion?
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What does observational learning primarily emphasize?
What does observational learning primarily emphasize?
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In which type of conditioning are responses influenced by their consequences?
In which type of conditioning are responses influenced by their consequences?
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What is a key characteristic of phobias explained by classical conditioning?
What is a key characteristic of phobias explained by classical conditioning?
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What does the biological preparedness theory suggest?
What does the biological preparedness theory suggest?
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Which schedule of reinforcement is characterized by providing a reward after a set number of responses?
Which schedule of reinforcement is characterized by providing a reward after a set number of responses?
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Study Notes
Learning
- Learning is defined as the process of acquiring new knowledge or skills. It involves various methods and factors that assist or hinder the learning process.
Pavlov's Unexpected Discovery
- Pavlov was studying digestion in dogs.
- Dogs salivated in response to the sight or sound of food, even in the absence of food (e.g., the experimenter's footsteps).
- This indicated learning of an association between food-related stimuli and food itself.
- The dogs learned to associate neutral stimuli with food and elicited a response (salivation) to these stimuli. This is called classical conditioning.
Classical Conditioning
- Learning where a neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a response.
- Neutral Stimulus (NS): initially doesn't produce a specific response.
- Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): naturally triggers a response without prior learning.
- Unconditioned Response (UCR): a natural response to the UCS.
- Conditioned Stimulus (CS): a previously neutral stimulus, now elicits a response after pairing with the UCS.
- Conditioned Response (CR): the learned response to the CS.
The Basics of Classical Conditioning
- Before conditioning (NS) doesn't elicit response.
- During conditioning (NS) associated with UCS to trigger UCR.
- After conditioning (CS) elicits CR.
Classical Conditioning Steps
- Neutral stimulus (NS) does not elicit a specific response.
- Pair the NS repeatedly with unconditioned stimulus (UCS) that produces an unconditioned response (UCR).
- The NS eventually becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) which elicits a conditioned response (CR).
The Basics of Classical Conditioning (continued)
- Conditioned = learned; unconditioned = not learned.
- An unconditioned stimulus leads to an unconditioned response.
- The UCS triggers the UCR innately.
- During conditioning, a previously neutral stimulus changes into the conditioned stimulus due to repeated pairings with the unconditioned stimulus.
Neutral stimulus & conditioned stimulus
- The neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus after conditioning.
Unconditioned/conditioned response
- The unconditioned and conditioned responses are the same, but the stimuli that trigger them are different.
Unlearning
- Unlearning is the process of reversing learned associations.
- Extinction occurs when a previously conditioned response diminishes as a result of repeatedly presenting the CS without the UCS.
- Spontaneous recovery is the reappearance of the CR after a rest period, even without further conditioning.
Stimulus Generalization and Discrimination
- Generalization: similar stimuli to the CS produce a similar CR.
- Discrimination: different stimuli from the CS do not produce a similar response.
Evaluative Conditioning
- Changing the liking of a stimulus by pairing it with another positive or negative stimuli.
Conditioned Fears & Phobias
- Classical conditioning can lead to the development of fears and phobias.
- Example: Little Albert experiment.
Conditioned Taste Aversions
- Developing aversions to foods after associating them with nausea or illness.
- A lengthy delay between food and illness can still lead to the aversion.
Operant Conditioning
- Learning where voluntary responses are strengthened or weakened depending on their consequences.
- Opposite of classical conditioning—classical conditioning has involuntary responses.
Thorndike's Law of Effect
- Satisfying consequences lead to more repeated behaviors.
- Unsatisfying consequences lead to less repeated behavior.
- Learning occurs through trial and error.
The Basics of Operant Conditioning (Skinner Box)
- Thorndike's research influenced Skinner; he developed the Skinner box.
- Animals learn to obtain food by operating on their environment within the box.
- Skinner investigated how behavior varies from environmental alterations.
Reinforcement
- Process of enhancing the probability that a preceding behavior will be repeated.
- Primary reinforcers: satisfy biological needs.
- Secondary reinforcers: earn reinforcing properties from association with primary reinforcers.
Shaping
- Teaching a complex behavior by rewarding progressively closer approximations of the desired behavior.
- Begin by reinforcing any behavior similar to the desired behavior.
- Gradually increase the criteria for reinforcement to get closer to the final desired behavior.
Positive Reinforcers & Negative Reinforcers
- Positive reinforcer: a stimulus that is added to the environment that increases a response.
- Negative reinforcer: an unpleasant stimulus whose removal increases a response.
Positive Punishment & Negative Punishment
- A stimulus that reduces the probability of a behavior being repeated
- Positive punishment: introduces an undesirable stimulus to reduce the likelihood of a behavior occurring.
- Negative punishment: removes a desirable stimulus to discourage the occurrence of behavior.
Schedules of Reinforcement
- Continuous reinforcement: reinforcing a behavior every time it occurs
- Partial reinforcement: reinforcing a behavior some, but not all of the times it occurs
- Schedules of reinforcement can affect how robust a behavior is.
Fixed-ratio & Variable-ratio
- Fixed-ratio schedules are based on the number of specific responses.
- Variable-ratio schedules are based on a varied number of responses
Fixed-interval & Variable-interval
- Fixed-interval schedules are based on time intervals
- Variable-interval schedules are based on time intervals that vary
Discrimination and Generalization
- Discriminative stimulus: enhances the probability that a response will be reinforced.
Latent Learning
- Learning that isn't evident in behavior when it initially occurs
- Learning can occur in the absence of reinforcement.
Observational Learning
- Learning by observing and imitating the behavior of others.
- Bandura's Bobo doll experiments demonstrated the importance of models and whether they are rewarded for their behavior.
Television/Video Games Violence
- Exposure to media violence can lower inhibitions, distort the perception of violence, and desensitize viewers.
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Description
Explore the fundamental concepts of classical conditioning, including Pavlov's experiments with dogs. This quiz covers the definitions of key terms like neutral stimulus, unconditioned stimulus, and the process of learning associations. Test your understanding of how learning occurs through these classical conditioning principles.
