Psychology Classical Conditioning

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best defines negative punishment?

Adding an undesirable stimulus to increase a behavior

Taking away a pleasant stimulus to decrease a behavior (correct)

Rewarding a behavior every time it occurs

Using a conditioned stimulus to condition a neutral stimulus

What characterizes latent learning?

Learning that requires continuous reinforcement

Learning that occurs without any apparent reinforcement (correct)

Learning that always results in observable change

Learning exhibited immediately after the behavior is performed

In classical conditioning, what is the role of the neutral stimulus before conditioning occurs?

It elicits a response similar to the unconditioned response

It serves as the primary reinforcer for the associated behavior

It is paired with the conditioned response to create a lasting effect

It elicits no response at all (correct)

What is the primary distinction between classical and operant conditioning?

Classical conditioning is dependent on the preceding stimulus; operant is dependent on the following behavior Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'fixed interval reinforcement schedule' refer to?

Rewarding behavior after a set amount of time has passed Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the law of effect?

Pleasant consequences lead to increased behaviors, while unpleasant ones decrease them Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of higher-order conditioning?

Pairing a light with a sound that already triggers a conditioned response Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical result of extinction in classical conditioning?

The conditioned response disappears as the unconditioned stimulus is no longer paired Signup and view all the answers

What best describes positive reinforcement?

Adding a desirable stimulus following a behavior to increase its likelihood Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of observational learning is crucial for the process to occur?

The learner needs to observe the consequences of the model's behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not an example of a primary reinforcer?

Money Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior?

Shaping Signup and view all the answers

Slot machines reward gamblers with money according to which type of reinforcement schedule?

Variable ratio Signup and view all the answers

In Bandura’s Bobo doll study, the children who observed the aggressive model reacted by:

Kicking and throwing the doll Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct sequence of steps in the modeling process?

Attention, Retention, Reproduction, Motivation Signup and view all the answers

Who is credited with the proposal of observational learning?

Albert Bandura Signup and view all the answers

What type of reinforcer is obtained through the experience of reducing an aversive stimulus?

Negative reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following terms best describes the process of influencing behavior through observation of others?

Modeling Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best illustrates a variable interval schedule of reinforcement?

Fishing, where the catch time varies unpredictably Signup and view all the answers

Which behavior does not represent a form of extinction in learning processes?

Continuously reinforcing an undesirable behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of reinforcement in operant conditioning?

To increase the likelihood of a behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a secondary reinforcer?

A stimulus that has value due to its association with a primary reinforcer Signup and view all the answers

What does the process of shaping involve?

Reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by stimulus generalization?

Demonstrating a conditioned response to stimuli resembling the conditioned stimulus Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during spontaneous recovery?

A previously extinguished response reappears after a pause Signup and view all the answers

In observational learning, which step involves the observer remembering what they have witnessed?

Retention Signup and view all the answers

What does vicarious reinforcement lead to in terms of behavior?

Increased likelihood of the observer imitating the reinforced behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which type of reinforcement schedule delivers rewards after unpredictable amounts of time?

Variable interval reinforcement schedule Signup and view all the answers

In operant conditioning, what does the term 'positive punishment' refer to?

Addition of an unpleasant stimulus to decrease behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is an unconditioned stimulus (US)?

A stimulus that naturally elicits a reflexive response Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Skinner box in the study of operant conditioning?

To measure the effect of reinforcement on behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

A driver reduces speeding to avoid a traffic ticket Signup and view all the answers

What happens during extinction in operant conditioning?

Reinforcement is removed, leading to a decrease in behavior Signup and view all the answers

Shaping behavior involves reinforcing what type of responses?

Successive approximations towards the target behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which type of reinforcement decreases a behavior by removing a stimulus?

Negative punishment Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between primary and secondary reinforcers?

Primary reinforcers are essential for survival; secondary are conditioned Signup and view all the answers

What does positive punishment involve?

Introducing an unpleasant stimulus to reduce a behavior Signup and view all the answers

In the context of operant conditioning, what is the role of reinforcement?

To increase the likelihood of a behavior occurring Signup and view all the answers

What does the Law of Effect state regarding behaviors and their outcomes?

Behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of reinforcement involves the removal of an unpleasant stimulus to increase a behavior?

Negative reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

What typically occurs during the process of extinction in operant conditioning?

The behavior gradually decreases in frequency. Signup and view all the answers

What does shaping behavior involve in operant conditioning?

Reinforcing successive approximations toward a target behavior. Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic distinguishes operant conditioning from classical conditioning?

Operant conditioning relies on voluntary behaviors. Signup and view all the answers

Under which condition does behavior become 'stamped out' according to Thorndike?

When it results in annoying or unsatisfying outcomes. Signup and view all the answers

How can behaviors be reinforced according to Thorndike's principle?

By ensuring they are followed by pleasurable experiences. Signup and view all the answers

What type of reinforcement schedule provides rewards after set durations?

Fixed interval schedule Signup and view all the answers

What does intrinsic motivation refer to in the context of behavior?

Desire to perform a behavior for its own sake Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential negative effect of using punishment as a behavioral strategy?

It may lead to increased aggression towards the agent Signup and view all the answers

How does a fixed interval reinforcement schedule affect response behavior?

Responses increase dramatically just before the time is up Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'shaping behavior' refer to in the context of operant conditioning?

Rewarding successive approximations toward a desired behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinction of the law of effect in behavioral psychology?

Satisfying consequences increase the likelihood of a behavior recurring Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the extinction process in operant conditioning?

The reinforcement is removed, leading to a decrease in the behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes extrinsic motivation?

Engaging in behavior because of external rewards or pressures Signup and view all the answers

What role does instinctive drift play in behavioral conditioning?

It results in learned behaviors being overshadowed by instinctual behaviors Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Learning

Learning is a change in behavior or knowledge resulting from experience.
Three main types: classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning.
Classical and operant conditioning are associative learning, connecting stimuli.

Classical Conditioning

Organisms learn by associating events.
A reflexive response to one stimulus can be associated with a different stimulus.
Pavlov's experiments with dogs showed how stimulus-response bonds are formed.
Watson used classical conditioning to induce fear in "Little Albert."
Key Concepts:
- Neutral Stimulus (NS): Does not initially elicit a response.
- Unconditioned Stimulus (US): Elicits an unlearned response.
- Unconditioned Response (UCR): Natural unlearned response to a US.
- Conditioned Stimulus (CS): Stimulus that elicits a response after being paired with an US.
- Conditioned Response (CR): Response caused by the CS.
- Acquisition: Initial learning where NS becomes CS.
- Extinction: Decrease in CR when US is no longer paired with CS.
- Spontaneous Recovery: Return of a previously extinguished CR.
- Stimulus Generalization: Responding to similar stimuli as the CS.
- Stimulus Discrimination: Responding differently to similar stimuli.
- Higher-Order Conditioning: Using a CS to condition a new NS.
- Fear Conditioning: Classical conditioning involving fear responses.

Operant Conditioning

Learning where a behavior is followed by a consequence.
Operant conditioning is focused on consequences following the behavior.
Skinner's work is foundational to operant conditioning.
Key Concepts:
- Reinforcement: Increases the likelihood of a behavior.
  - Positive reinforcement: Adding a desirable stimulus.
  - Negative reinforcement: Removing an undesirable stimulus.
- Punishment: Decreases the likelihood of a behavior.
  - Positive punishment: Adding an undesirable stimulus.
  - Negative punishment: Removing a pleasant stimulus.
- Reinforcement Schedules:
  - Continuous reinforcement: Reward every time.
  - Partial reinforcement: Reward some of the time.
Fixed ratio: Reward after a set number of responses.
Variable ratio: Reward after an unpredictable number of responses.
Fixed interval: Reward after a set amount of time.
Variable interval: Reward after an unpredictable amount of time.
- Shaping: Rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior.

Observational Learning (Modeling)

Learning by watching others.
Bandura's work is central to this type of learning.
Key Concepts:
- Model: Person whose behavior is observed.
- Attention: Observing the model.
- Retention: Remembering the model's behavior.
- Reproduction: Performing the behavior.
- Motivation: Desire to perform the behavior.
- Vicarious reinforcement: Learning from seeing others rewarded.
- Vicarious punishment: Learning from seeing others punished.

General Concepts

Associative Learning: Connecting stimuli or events.
Cognitive Map: Mental picture of the environment.
Insight: Sudden understanding of a solution.
Instinct: Unlearned knowledge.
Latent Learning: Learning that is not immediately evident.
Law of Effect: Behaviors followed by satisfying consequences are repeated.
Reflex: Unlearned, automatic response to a stimulus.
Primary Reinforcer: Innately rewarding (e.g., food, water).
Secondary Reinforcer: Gains value through association (e.g., money).
Radical Behaviorism: Complex mental functions are stimulus-response associations.

Multiple Choice Answers (from the questions provided)

infant sucking on a nipple
occurs as a result of experience
classical conditioning; operant conditioning
classical conditioning
neutral stimulus
stimulus generalization
the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with an unconditioned stimulus
conditioned responses
negative punishment
money
shaping
variable ratio
model
kicked and threw the doll
attention, retention, reproduction, motivation
Albert Bandura

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Description

Explore the principles of classical conditioning in psychology. This quiz covers key concepts such as neutral stimulus, unconditioned stimulus, and the experiments of Pavlov and Watson. Test your understanding of how behaviors are learned through associations.