Psychology Chapters 9-11

The three stages of development from conception to birth: germinal, embryonic, and fetal.

An agent (substance or factor) that causes a birth defect.

Techniques like the visual cliff experiment used to measure infant depth perception.

Four stages (sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational) of cognitive development.

The understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of sight.

Support provided to aid in learning, gradually decreasing as competence increases.

Three levels in his theory of moral development: pre-conventional, conventional, post-conventional.

Focuses on the importance of early relationships in shaping social and emotional development.

Distinct approaches to raising children; Authoritative, Authoritarian, Permissive (indulgent and neglectful).

Focuses on psychosocial development throughout the lifespan, with emphasis on identity and social relationships.

Stages of grief: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance.

Focuses on unconscious processes and early childhood experiences to explain personality development.

Three components of personality: id, ego, and superego.

Freud's stages of personality development focused on different erogenous zones.

Bandura's three concepts contributing to personality; observational learning, self-efficacy and reciprocal determinism.

Five key dimensions of personality: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism.

Emphasizes the importance of unconditional positive regard in fostering self-acceptance and growth.

Personality assessment tools that rely on ambiguous stimuli to reveal unconscious thoughts and feelings.

Conflicts where options have both appealing and aversive aspects.

Personality characterized by competitiveness, hostility, and impatience.

The body's response to stress, involving the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal glands.

Strategies used to manage stressful situations.

Unconscious strategies used to protect oneself from anxiety.