Questions and Answers
If a stimulus plus a response results in a satisfying outcome, the probability of that response occurring again ________.
increases
Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
To maximize learning, a ________ should be presented on a(n) ________ schedule.
CS plus UCS; continuous
What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?
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In operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior?
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________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities.
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Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning.
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In ________ reinforcement, the person or animal is not reinforced every time a desired behavior is performed.
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Which of the following is an example of instinct: unlearned knowledge that involves complex patterns of behavior?
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Which of the following is an example of a reflex: an unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment?
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Julian watches his grandfather repair watches. As Julian matures, he imitates what his grandfather does, and then his grandfather shows him more complicated techniques. Eventually, Julian is as proficient at repairing watches as his grandfather. This exemplifies ________.
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Dymesha watches her older sister do headstands. Dymesha falls over when she attempts to do a headstand herself. She watches her older sister more carefully and notices that her sister leans backward slightly to complete her headstand. Dymesha is then able to do headstands herself. Which type of learning is this?
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Grace whistles while tickling Khaleel with a feather. Eventually, Khaleel starts to squirm and giggle every time Grace whistles, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, squirming and giggling is a(n) ________.
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Kieran is attempting to condition a parrot to greet him when he enters the room. He repeatedly pairs his entry to the room with a treat for the parrot. Kieran can say that ________ has occurred as soon as the parrot greets him in response to his entry.
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Dimitri and Rita eat some donuts for breakfast and then spend the morning at an amusement park. After a few hours of riding the Super Looper Double Twist, Dimitri feels nauseous and regurgitates the donuts. Rita is fine, but Dimitri has developed a ________, and the next time they stop for donuts, Dimitri immediately feels ill.
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Kerry is conditioned to fear strawberries. Raspberries are similar to strawberries, and even though no attempt was made to make Kerry fear raspberries, she reacts with fear when she sees them. This is an example of ________.
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Study Notes
Conditioning and Learning Concepts
- If a stimulus plus a response leads to a satisfying outcome, the likelihood of that response occurring again increases.
- Variable interval reinforcement schedule is characterized by unpredictable timing of reinforcement, exemplified by behaviors such as Harold catching fish at varying intervals.
- To optimize learning, a Conditioned Stimulus (CS) and an Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) should be paired on a continuous schedule.
- Learning is defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge resulting from experience.
Operant Conditioning
- In operant conditioning, punishment involves adding a stimulus to reduce the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.
- Primary reinforcers possess innate reinforcing properties, essential for motivating behavior.
- Latent learning occurs without observable behavior changes until a reason to demonstrate the learning arises.
- Partial reinforcement means the subject is not rewarded after every instance of the desired behavior, impacting learning patterns.
Instincts and Reflexes
- Instincts are unlearned behaviors that include complex patterns, such as a baby seeking food through rooting and suckling.
- Reflexes represent automatic responses to stimuli, which can include emotional reactions, such as becoming angry when a friend raises their voice.
Observational Learning
- Learning through imitation is demonstrated when individuals, such as Julian watching his grandfather, acquire skills by observing and replicating behaviors.
- Dymesha learns to perform headstands by closely observing her sister's technique, highlighting the importance of observational learning strategies.
Classical Conditioning
- A conditioned response is learned through association, as seen when Khaleel giggles upon hearing a whistle, even in the absence of tickling.
- The process of acquisition in conditioning occurs when a subject begins to respond to the CS after repeated pairings with the UCS, exemplified by Kieran's parrot greeting him.
- Taste aversion is a learned response where an individual associates an illness with a specific food, resulting in nausea at the mere thought of that food, as demonstrated by Dimitri's experience with donuts.
- Stimulus generalization occurs when similar stimuli elicit the same response, illustrated by Kerry's fear response to raspberries upon developing a fear of strawberries.
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Test your knowledge on key concepts from Psychology Chapters 6-8 with these flashcards. Explore reinforcement schedules and the impact of satisfying outcomes on behavior. Perfect for anyone studying psychology or preparing for exams.
