Psychology Chapter: The Self and Identity

The Self

• The 'I' in the concept of self represents the active self, the conscious self, the thinking self.
• The social self is shaped by immediate social environments.
• The private self can be described as the inner self or the individual self.
• The spiritual self fosters a sense of oneness with the universe.
• In the social dimension, an individual evaluates themselves based on societal norms.
• The interdependent self reflects an individual's belief that their identity is defined by their relationships with others.
• A key characteristic of identity is uniqueness.
• The 'me' aspect of self is described as the object of self-reflection and the self-concept.
• A lack of self-awareness is NOT a characteristic of a well-integrated self.
• Self-categorisation in self-categorisation theory primarily involves categorizing oneself as belonging to a specific group.
• Social identity refers to individuals highlighting similarities with their group while downplaying individual differences.
• In the context of physical culture, the focus is on the cultivation of right habits for physical development and well-being.
• Self-categorisation theory can help understand social phenomena like groupthink, conformity, and prejudice.
• Stamina is NOT included in the definition of physical quality.
• Social identity is a psychological concept that reflects an individual's self-concept from group membership.
• Self-awareness is considered crucial for a well-integrated self.
• The development of the mind primarily involves cognitive growth, emotional development, and social learning.
• The primary role of emotions is to shape our experiences and guide our actions.
• The awareness of 'others' begins in the social dimension.
• A key aspect of the physical dimension is physical health.
• The mind processes information according to the content through thought, perception, and memory.
• Emotions are mentioned as an indispensable aspect of human existence linked to meaningful experiences, relationships, and decision-making.
• The mind's role in the mental dimension is primarily to process information, analyze situations, and facilitate understanding.
• A misconception about the emotional dimension is that it is separate from the rational mind.
• The primary concept of Cooley's 'looking glass self' theory is that our self-concept is shaped by how we perceive others view us.
• Internal self-reflection is NOT one of the phases in the development of self according to the looking glass self theory.
• Social interactions impact an individual's behavior according to the looking glass self theory by influencing how they perceive themselves and their actions.
• Social control is the purpose of culture that explains the ability to control impulses and act in accordance with social norms.
• Culture provides shared knowledge, values, and beliefs among individuals.
• In the context of social identity threats, one typically assesses their self-image by comparing themselves to others in the group, seeking validation from group members, and re-evaluating their beliefs.
• Individual experiences and perceptions are NOT typically considered part of the societal patterns that influence the self.
• Culture and society are intertwined and mutually influential.
• Past experiences are the primary factor that influences the development of self-efficacy.
• Observational learning is the source of self-efficacy primarily derived from observing the successes of role models.
• Social persuasion strengthens self-efficacy by providing encouragement and support from trusted others.
• Experiencing failure can decrease self-efficacy if it is not attributed to external factors or attributed to lack of effort.
• Physical and emotional states impact self-efficacy by influencing an individual's perception of their capabilities.
• Imaginal experiences contribute to self-efficacy by mentally rehearsing successful outcomes and visualizing oneself performing effectively.
• Socialization plays a role in understanding societal roles by transmitting norms, values, and expectations.
• Mastering a challenging task is considered the most powerful experience in boosting self-efficacy.