Self-Concept Theories Overview

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Questions and Answers

What does Carl Rogers define as the core construct of self-concept?

  • Multiple identities
  • Unique personal qualities
  • Self-schemas
  • Single psychological structure called 'self' (correct)

The working self-concept is a static representation of one's identity.

False (B)

What are the two types of possible selves identified in the typology?

Positive Selves and Negative Selves

The self-concept consists of a collection of beliefs about unique personal qualities, typical __________ patterns, and intrinsic characteristics.

<p>behavioral</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following aspects of self-concept with their descriptions:

<p>Self-Schemas = Organized belief clusters about personal attributes Possible Selves = Potential future self-representations Working Self-Concept = Currently accessible self-representation Self-Discrepancy Theory = The theory that examines the gap between current and ideal selves</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a source of development for possible selves?

<p>Social media influence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Positive selves serve no motivational purpose.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What psychological function of possible selves is associated with guiding behavior?

<p>Behavioral guidance mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Hazel Markus, only a portion of the total self-concept operates in the ________ self-concept.

<p>working</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of the working self-concept influences how behavior is interpreted?

<p>Information processing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of self-perception is characterized by current perceived qualities?

<p>Actual Self (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Actual/Ought Discrepancy primarily triggers dejection-related emotions.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one coping mechanism used to manage discrepancies in self-perception.

<p>Cognitive reframing</p> Signup and view all the answers

In individualistic cultures, there is an emphasis on ________ achievement.

<p>personal</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the self-perception categories with their emotional implications:

<p>Actual Self = Baseline emotional state Ideal Self = Aspirational motivation Ought Self = Normative pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor shaping self-concept involves socially expected traits?

<p>Ought Self (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

High self-monitors are generally less adaptable to situational demands.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What motive emphasizes the desire for accuracy in self-assessment?

<p>Accuracy motive</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ________ develops through mastery experiences and vicarious learning.

<p>self-efficacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a strategic self-presentation technique?

<p>Ingratiation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Actual Self

The perception of oneself based on current qualities, forming the basis for emotional well-being.

Ideal Self

The ideal image of who you want to be, driving aspirational motivation.

Ought Self

The socially expected traits and behaviors you believe others want from you, generating a sense of pressure.

Actual/Ideal Discrepancy

The discrepancy between your actual self and ideal self, leading to feelings of disappointment and sadness.

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Actual/Ought Discrepancy

The discrepancy between your actual self and ought self, resulting in anxiety and unease.

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Reference Group Selection

The process of selecting a group of people to compare yourself to.

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Comparative Strategies

The different ways we use social comparison, such as judging skills, maintaining self-image, or evaluating performance.

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Accuracy Motive

A psychological motive to accurately understand and perceive oneself.

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Consistency Motive

A psychological motive to maintain consistency between our beliefs, actions, and self-concept.

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Self-Enhancement Motive

A psychological motive to view ourselves in a positive light, enhancing self-esteem.

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Self-Concept

A comprehensive mental representation of personal identity. It's like a self-portrait you carry around in your mind.

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Self-Schemas

Organized belief clusters about specific personal attributes. These act like mental blueprints shaping our self-understanding.

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Working Self-Concept

The portion of your self-concept that's active at a given moment. It's like the spotlight shining on a specific part of who you are.

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Possible Selves

Potential future self-representations based on past experiences, current actions, and future aspirations. It's like a vision board of who you could become.

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Positive Selves

Representations of desired, positive futures. They inspire motivation and contribute to psychological resilience.

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Negative Selves

Representations of feared, negative outcomes that trigger avoidance behaviors. They act as a protective mechanism.

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Self-Discrepancy Theory

The theory focusing on the discrepancies between our actual self, ideal self, and ought self. It explains how these differences influence emotions and behaviors.

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Goal-Oriented Motivation

One of the key psychological functions of possible selves, helping us to set goals and pursue aspirations.

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Role Model Identification

One of the possible selves' functions, allowing us to identify with individuals who exemplify desired qualities.

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Skill Development Targeting

One of the possible selves' functions, guiding us to develop skills and knowledge aligned with our ideal futures.

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Study Notes

Self-Concept: Theoretical Framework

  • Carl Rogers' perspective proposes a single psychological structure called the "self"
  • This "self" is a comprehensive mental representation of personal identity
  • Self-concept is composed of beliefs about unique personal qualities, typical behavioral patterns, and intrinsic characteristics

Multifaceted Nature of Self-Concept

  • Self-concept is not a monolithic entity but a dynamic structure
  • Self-schemas are organized clusters of beliefs about personal attributes, including personality traits, abilities, physical features, values, goals, and social roles

Hazel Markus: Working Self-Concept

  • Only a portion of the total self-concept operates simultaneously
  • The working self-concept represents the currently accessible self-representation
  • It is contextually responsive, an information processing mechanism, and influences behavioral interpretation

Possible Selves Theory

  • This framework defines potential future self-representations
  • These representations develop from past experiences, current behaviors, and future expectations

Psychological Functions

  • This section is not defined further in the provided material

Goal-oriented motivation

  • Skill development targeting
  • Role model identification
  • Behavioral guidance mechanism

Typology of Possible Selves

  • Positive Selves: Aspirational representations, motivational potential, psychological resilience indicator
  • Negative Selves: Feared potential outcomes, avoidance motivation, psychological protection mechanism

Self-Discrepancy Theory (E. Tory Higgins)

  • Examines self-perception categories and their emotional implications.
    • Actual Self: Current perceived qualities, baseline emotional state
    • Ideal Self: Desired characteristics, aspirational motivation
    • Ought Self: Socially expected traits, normative pressure
  • Discrepancy Dynamics:
    • Actual/Ideal Discrepancy: Triggers dejection-related emotions, potential psychological vulnerability
    • Actual/Ought Discrepancy: Generates agitation-related emotions, potential anxiety development
  • Coping Mechanisms: Behavioral adjustment, expectation recalibration, self-awareness management

Factors Shaping Self-Concept

  • Influential sources include personal observations, social feedback, cultural values, and comparative experiences

Social Comparison Dynamics and Reference Group Selection

  • Reference group selection is contextually determined and goal-oriented
  • Comparative strategies include skill assessment, self-image maintenance, and performance evaluation

Self-Esteem Considerations and Developmental Influences

  • Developmental influences include parental involvement, peer interactions, cultural context, and personal achievements

Psychological Variations

  • Individualistic cultures emphasize independent self-perception and personal achievement
  • Collectivistic cultures prioritize interdependent self-view and group harmony

Advanced Psychological Insights

  • Cognitive processing includes automatic and mindful processing, selective attention mechanisms

Self-Attribution Strategies

  • Motivational drivers include accuracy, consistency, and self-enhancement motives
  • Self-regulation strategies involve mastery experiences, vicarious learning, emotional interpretation, and persuasive encouragement

Impression Management

  • Strategic self-presentation employs techniques like ingratiation, self-promotion, exemplification, intimidation, and supplication

Self-Monitoring Variations

  • High self-monitors adapt to situational demands, whereas low self-monitors are less adaptable

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