Psychology Chapter on the Self
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Questions and Answers

What does Vygotsky believe influences the cognitive and emotional development of a child?

The social world and external reality

The Social Constructionist Perspective suggests that an individual's self cannot be separated from their social context.

True

What term describes a person's intrinsic sense of identity and biological givenness according to Marcel Mauss?

  • Personne
  • Self-concept
  • Ideal Self
  • Moi (correct)

    • The two aspects of the self described by Marcel Mauss are _____ and _____.

    <p>Moi, Personne</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the psychological theories or concepts with their descriptions:

    <p>Gender Identity = Personal conception of oneself as male, female, a blend of both, or neither. Gender Expression = The external presentation of one's gender identity. Self-concept = An individual's perception of their actual self. Ideal Self = The person one aspires to be.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Social Comparison Theory, which of the following statements is true?

    <p>People assess their behaviors and social status through comparisons with others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Self-efficacy beliefs play an important role in determining how people think and behave.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is known for the theory of social learning through modeling?

    <p>Albert Bandura</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Social Cognitive Theory, human beings are described as being proactive, self-________, self-reflective, and self-organizing.

    <p>regulating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following psychological concepts with their descriptions:

    <p>Self-efficacy = Belief in one's ability to succeed Downward social comparison = Comparing oneself to someone less skilled Upward social comparison = Comparing oneself to someone more skilled Social stigma = Negative attitudes towards a person based on specific characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept emphasizes a person's intention in planning and decision-making?

    <p>Agency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Upward social comparison has no impact on self-esteem.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are two aspects of self that are often contrasted?

    <p>Self-concept and ideal self</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two aspects of the self according to William James?

    <p>The 'I' and 'me'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Carl Rogers, a wide gap between one's ideal self and self-concept indicates a healthy personality.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Sigmund Freud refer to as the energy related to survival urges such as thirst and sex?

    <p>libido</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The difference between the self you are aware of and the self you wish to be is referred to as the gap between the __________ and the ideal self.

    <p>real self</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the theorist with their corresponding concept:

    <p>William James = The 'I' and 'me' Carl Rogers = Real self and ideal self Sigmund Freud = Three levels of the mind George Mead = Symbolic interactionism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does George Mead view the development of the self?

    <p>Through human interaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Social stigma has no impact on gender expression and identity.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary motivation for behavior according to Freud?

    <p>Sex and aggression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Carl Rogers' theory, achieving balance between self-concept and ideal self is important for a __________ personality.

    <p>healthy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Vygotsky's Theory of Cognitive and Emotional Development

    • Social interaction: Vygotsky emphasizes social interaction as a crucial factor in shaping a child's cognitive and emotional development.
    • Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD): This concept describes the gap between what a child can do independently and what they can achieve with guidance from a more knowledgeable individual.
    • Scaffolding: This refers to the support provided by adults or peers to help children learn and reach their full potential within the ZPD.

    Social Constructionist Perspective

    • Social Context and Self: This perspective argues that an individual's sense of self is inextricably linked to their social environment and experiences.
    • Dynamic and Fluid: The self is viewed as fluid and constantly evolving as a result of ongoing social interactions.

    Marcel Mauss and the Self

    • "Moi" (the "me"): This refers to the individual's sense of personal identity, which is influenced by social roles and expectations.
    • "Je" (the "I"): This represents the individual's subjective sense of self, their personal experiences, and their unique perspective.

    Social Comparison Theories

    • Social Comparison Theory: This theory suggests that individuals evaluate themselves by comparing themselves to others.
    • Upward Social Comparison: Comparing yourself to someone perceived as superior can impact self-esteem negatively, but it can motivate you to improve.
    • Downward Social Comparison: Comparing yourself to someone perceived as inferior can improve self-esteem, but it may lead to complacency.

    Self-Efficacy and Social Cognitive Theory

    • Self-Efficacy: This concept refers to an individual's belief in their ability to succeed in specific situations.
    • Social Cognitive Theory (Bandura): This theory posits that individuals learn through observation, imitation, and modeling.
    • Proactive, Self-Regulated, Self-Reflective & Self-Organizing: These characteristics are central to the Social Cognitive Theory's understanding of human behavior.

    Intentionality and Self-Concept

    • Intentionality: This concept highlights the role of conscious intention in shaping behavior and decision-making.
    • Self-Concept: This refers to a person's overall view of themselves, encompassing their beliefs, attitudes, and feelings.
    • Ideal Self: This represents a person's aspirations and goals for themselves.

    The Self According to William James

    • "I" (the "Knower"): This is the self as a subject, the conscious experiencer.
    • "Me" (the "Known"): This is the self as an object, the sum of one's experiences, thoughts, and traits.

    The Gap Between Self-Concept and Ideal Self

    • Gap Between Self-Concept and Ideal Self: This difference in self-perception can have a significant impact on well-being and motivation.
    • Carl Rogers: According to Rogers, a wide gap between the ideal self and the self-concept can indicate a lack of congruence and potentially lead to psychological distress.

    Freud and the Id

    • Id: This is the part of the unconscious mind that drives basic instincts and desires, such as hunger, thirst, and sexuality.
    • Libido: Freud used this term to describe the psychic energy associated with the id and life-sustaining drives.

    George Mead and the Development of the Self

    • Symbolic Interactionism: This perspective emphasizes the role of social interaction and shared symbols in shaping the self.
    • "I" and "Me": Mead proposed the development of the self as a process involving the "I" (the spontaneous, individual self) and the "Me" (the socialized self).
    • Social Roles and Expectations: The "Me" emerges as the individual internalizes social norms and expectations, leading to a sense of self that is aligned with social values and expectations.

    Freud's Theory of Psychosexual Development

    • Primary Motivation: Freud believed that pleasure seeking (libido) is the primary motivation for human behavior.

    Carl Rogers and the Healthy Personality

    • Congruence and Self-Actualization: Carl Rogers believed that achieving balance between self-concept and ideal self is crucial for a healthy personality.

    Social Stigma and Gender Expression

    • Social Stigma: This can significantly influence gender expression and identity, creating challenges and pressures for individuals who do not conform to societal norms.

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    The Self, Society, and Culture PDF

    Description

    Explore the concept of self as discussed by various psychologists including William James, Carl Rogers, Sigmund Freud, and George Mead. Understand the aspects of 'I' and 'me', the balance between real and ideal self, and Freud's levels of the mind. This quiz will assess your understanding of these foundational theories in psychology.

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