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What does Vygotsky believe influences the cognitive and emotional development of a child?
What does Vygotsky believe influences the cognitive and emotional development of a child?
The social world and external reality
The Social Constructionist Perspective suggests that an individual's self cannot be separated from their social context.
The Social Constructionist Perspective suggests that an individual's self cannot be separated from their social context.
True
What term describes a person's intrinsic sense of identity and biological givenness according to Marcel Mauss?
What term describes a person's intrinsic sense of identity and biological givenness according to Marcel Mauss?
The two aspects of the self described by Marcel Mauss are _____ and _____.
The two aspects of the self described by Marcel Mauss are _____ and _____.
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Match the psychological theories or concepts with their descriptions:
Match the psychological theories or concepts with their descriptions:
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According to Social Comparison Theory, which of the following statements is true?
According to Social Comparison Theory, which of the following statements is true?
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Self-efficacy beliefs play an important role in determining how people think and behave.
Self-efficacy beliefs play an important role in determining how people think and behave.
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Who is known for the theory of social learning through modeling?
Who is known for the theory of social learning through modeling?
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According to the Social Cognitive Theory, human beings are described as being proactive, self-________, self-reflective, and self-organizing.
According to the Social Cognitive Theory, human beings are described as being proactive, self-________, self-reflective, and self-organizing.
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Match the following psychological concepts with their descriptions:
Match the following psychological concepts with their descriptions:
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What concept emphasizes a person's intention in planning and decision-making?
What concept emphasizes a person's intention in planning and decision-making?
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Upward social comparison has no impact on self-esteem.
Upward social comparison has no impact on self-esteem.
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What are two aspects of self that are often contrasted?
What are two aspects of self that are often contrasted?
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What are the two aspects of the self according to William James?
What are the two aspects of the self according to William James?
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According to Carl Rogers, a wide gap between one's ideal self and self-concept indicates a healthy personality.
According to Carl Rogers, a wide gap between one's ideal self and self-concept indicates a healthy personality.
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What does Sigmund Freud refer to as the energy related to survival urges such as thirst and sex?
What does Sigmund Freud refer to as the energy related to survival urges such as thirst and sex?
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The difference between the self you are aware of and the self you wish to be is referred to as the gap between the __________ and the ideal self.
The difference between the self you are aware of and the self you wish to be is referred to as the gap between the __________ and the ideal self.
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Match the theorist with their corresponding concept:
Match the theorist with their corresponding concept:
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How does George Mead view the development of the self?
How does George Mead view the development of the self?
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Social stigma has no impact on gender expression and identity.
Social stigma has no impact on gender expression and identity.
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What is the primary motivation for behavior according to Freud?
What is the primary motivation for behavior according to Freud?
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In Carl Rogers' theory, achieving balance between self-concept and ideal self is important for a __________ personality.
In Carl Rogers' theory, achieving balance between self-concept and ideal self is important for a __________ personality.
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Study Notes
Vygotsky's Theory of Cognitive and Emotional Development
- Social interaction: Vygotsky emphasizes social interaction as a crucial factor in shaping a child's cognitive and emotional development.
- Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD): This concept describes the gap between what a child can do independently and what they can achieve with guidance from a more knowledgeable individual.
- Scaffolding: This refers to the support provided by adults or peers to help children learn and reach their full potential within the ZPD.
Social Constructionist Perspective
- Social Context and Self: This perspective argues that an individual's sense of self is inextricably linked to their social environment and experiences.
- Dynamic and Fluid: The self is viewed as fluid and constantly evolving as a result of ongoing social interactions.
Marcel Mauss and the Self
- "Moi" (the "me"): This refers to the individual's sense of personal identity, which is influenced by social roles and expectations.
- "Je" (the "I"): This represents the individual's subjective sense of self, their personal experiences, and their unique perspective.
Social Comparison Theories
- Social Comparison Theory: This theory suggests that individuals evaluate themselves by comparing themselves to others.
- Upward Social Comparison: Comparing yourself to someone perceived as superior can impact self-esteem negatively, but it can motivate you to improve.
- Downward Social Comparison: Comparing yourself to someone perceived as inferior can improve self-esteem, but it may lead to complacency.
Self-Efficacy and Social Cognitive Theory
- Self-Efficacy: This concept refers to an individual's belief in their ability to succeed in specific situations.
- Social Cognitive Theory (Bandura): This theory posits that individuals learn through observation, imitation, and modeling.
- Proactive, Self-Regulated, Self-Reflective & Self-Organizing: These characteristics are central to the Social Cognitive Theory's understanding of human behavior.
Intentionality and Self-Concept
- Intentionality: This concept highlights the role of conscious intention in shaping behavior and decision-making.
- Self-Concept: This refers to a person's overall view of themselves, encompassing their beliefs, attitudes, and feelings.
- Ideal Self: This represents a person's aspirations and goals for themselves.
The Self According to William James
- "I" (the "Knower"): This is the self as a subject, the conscious experiencer.
- "Me" (the "Known"): This is the self as an object, the sum of one's experiences, thoughts, and traits.
The Gap Between Self-Concept and Ideal Self
- Gap Between Self-Concept and Ideal Self: This difference in self-perception can have a significant impact on well-being and motivation.
- Carl Rogers: According to Rogers, a wide gap between the ideal self and the self-concept can indicate a lack of congruence and potentially lead to psychological distress.
Freud and the Id
- Id: This is the part of the unconscious mind that drives basic instincts and desires, such as hunger, thirst, and sexuality.
- Libido: Freud used this term to describe the psychic energy associated with the id and life-sustaining drives.
George Mead and the Development of the Self
- Symbolic Interactionism: This perspective emphasizes the role of social interaction and shared symbols in shaping the self.
- "I" and "Me": Mead proposed the development of the self as a process involving the "I" (the spontaneous, individual self) and the "Me" (the socialized self).
- Social Roles and Expectations: The "Me" emerges as the individual internalizes social norms and expectations, leading to a sense of self that is aligned with social values and expectations.
Freud's Theory of Psychosexual Development
- Primary Motivation: Freud believed that pleasure seeking (libido) is the primary motivation for human behavior.
Carl Rogers and the Healthy Personality
- Congruence and Self-Actualization: Carl Rogers believed that achieving balance between self-concept and ideal self is crucial for a healthy personality.
Social Stigma and Gender Expression
- Social Stigma: This can significantly influence gender expression and identity, creating challenges and pressures for individuals who do not conform to societal norms.
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Description
Explore the concept of self as discussed by various psychologists including William James, Carl Rogers, Sigmund Freud, and George Mead. Understand the aspects of 'I' and 'me', the balance between real and ideal self, and Freud's levels of the mind. This quiz will assess your understanding of these foundational theories in psychology.
