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Questions and Answers
What does the trichromatic theory primarily focus on?
Which condition is characterized by a complete loss of color perception?
What is the main effect of having protanopia?
How is color blindness most commonly inherited?
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What is the primary function of the cones in the retina?
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Which type of color blindness occurs due to a defect in the blue cone cells?
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Why do men have a higher chance of developing color-deficient vision compared to women?
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What does the Ishihara Test primarily assess?
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What is considered a 'hit' in the context of stimulus detection?
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How does habituation differ from sensory adaptation?
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What does a 'miss' indicate in stimulus detection?
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Which scenario is an example of a false alarm?
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What is the primary focus of the brain regarding sensory information?
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In the example of smelling garbage, what process occurs over time?
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What distinguishes a correct rejection in stimulus detection?
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Which statement best describes sensory receptors during sensory adaptation?
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What is the role of the pinna in the outer ear?
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What term describes the richness in tone of a sound?
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Which structure is responsible for amplifying vibrations from the eardrum?
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How are sound waves measured in terms of frequency?
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Which bone is the last in the chain of auditory ossicles?
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What determines the loudness of a sound?
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What is the frequency range that humans can typically hear?
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What happens when the oval window vibrates?
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What does sensation refer to in the context of psychology?
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Which of the following best describes transduction?
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What is the absolute threshold?
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What condition is characterized by the processing of sensory information as more than one sensation?
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What does Weber's law state about just noticeable difference (JND)?
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What are subliminal stimuli?
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Which theory assesses accuracy in judgments under uncertain conditions?
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What role do sensory receptors play in perception?
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What defines subliminal perception?
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What is the primary function of the organ of Corti?
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Which theory explains that pitch is related to the speed of vibrations in the basilar membrane?
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How does the volley principle enhance the perception of sound?
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What characterizes conduction deafness?
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Which statement best describes sound localization?
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In the context of hearing impairments, what does sensorineural deafness indicate?
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According to place theory, how is pitch perceived?
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Which of the following best defines pitch?
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Study Notes
Why Study Sensation and Perception?
- Sensation and perception influence our behavior and mental processes.
- They provide a bridge between biology and cognition, bridging the gap between how we think and how we behave.
The ABC’s of Sensation
- Sensation is the process of converting outside stimuli into neural signals in the brain.
- The sense organs (eyes, ears, nose, skin, and taste buds) detect these stimuli.
- Transduction is the process of converting outside stimuli into neural activity.
- Sensory receptors are specialized neurons stimulated by specific types of energy (light, vibrations, pressure/temperature, chemical substances)
- Synesthesia is a condition where signals from different senses are processed differently, resulting in mixed sensations.
Weber's Law and Just Noticeable Difference
- Weber's law of just noticeable difference (JND) is the smallest difference between two stimuli that can be detected 50% of the time.
- The JND is always a constant percentage of the original stimulus.
Absolute Threshold and Subliminal Perception
- The absolute threshold is the lowest level of stimulation that can be consciously detected 50% of the time.
- Subliminal stimuli are stimuli below the level of conscious awareness that activate sensory receptors.
- Subliminal perception is the unconscious processing of sensory information.
Signal Detection Theory
- Signal detection theory is a method to assess the accuracy of judgments under uncertainty.
- It involves analyzing "hits", "misses", "false alarms", and "correct rejections".
- The theory helps understand how people detect stimuli in their environment.
Habituation and Sensory Adaptation
- Habituation is the tendency of the brain to ignore constant, unchanging information.
- Sensory adaptation is the tendency of sensory receptor cells to become less responsive to unchanging stimuli.
The Science of Seeing
- Light is a form of electromagnetic radiation that travels in waves.
- Wavelengths are interpreted as color.
- Amplitude is interpreted as brightness.
- The eye has specialized structures for processing light.
The Retina
- Contains photoreceptor cells called rods and cones.
- Rods are responsible for vision in low light.
- Cones are responsible for color vision and visual acuity.
Theories of Color Vision
- Trichromatic Theory: The eye has three types of cones (red, blue, and green) sensitive to different wavelengths of light.
- Opponent-Process Theory: Colors are perceived in opposing pairs (red-green, blue-yellow, and black-white).
Color Blindness
- It is the inability to perceive color differences.
- Caused by defective cones in the retina.
- It is a genetic condition.
Types of Color Blindness
- Achromatopsia (monochromatic vision): Complete lack of color perception.
- Dichromatic vision: One cone type is not functioning properly.
- Protanopia: Red cones are deficient.
- Deuteranopia: Green cones are deficient.
- Tritanopia: Blue cones are deficient.
The Hearing Sense
- Audition is the biological processing of sound waves.
- Sound waves are vibrations of molecules in the air.
- Wavelength is interpreted as pitch.
- Amplitude is interpreted as loudness.
- Timbre is interpreted as the richness of the sound.
Structure of the Ear
-
Outer Ear:
- Pinna focuses soundwaves into the auditory canal.
- Auditory canal transmits sound waves to the eardrum.
-
Middle Ear:
- Contains three tiny bones (ossicles): hammer, anvil, and stirrup.
- They amplify vibrations from the eardrum.
- The stirrup vibrates the oval window, which separates the middle ear from the inner ear.
-
Inner Ear:
- Contains the cochlea, filled with fluid.
- Vibrations of the oval window cause fluid to vibrate.
- This fluid movement stimulates hair cells within the organ of Corti, causing them to send neural signals.
- The auditory nerve transmits these signals to the brain.
Perceiving Pitch
- Pitch is the psychological experience of sound frequency.
- Place Theory suggests different pitches stimulate hair cells at different locations on the organ of Corti.
- Frequency Theory states pitch depends on the speed of vibrations of the basilar membrane.
- Volley Principle explains how hair cells fire in a volley pattern for pitches between 400 -4,000 Hertz.
Sound Localization
- This is the ability to determine the origin of a sound based on ear's reception of loudness and timing.
Types of Hearing Impairments
- Hearing impairement is a broad term for difficulties hearing.
- Conduction deafness is caused by problems with sound transmission in the outer or middle ear.
- Sensorineural deafness (nerve deafness) is caused by damage to the inner ear, auditory nerve or auditory processing areas in the brain.
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Description
Explore the essential concepts of sensation and perception in psychology. This chapter covers the mechanisms of sensory processing, including transduction and sensory receptors, as well as Weber's Law and its implications. Understand how these processes influence our behavior and cognition.
