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Questions and Answers
Questions and Answers
What is the absolute threshold for hearing?
What is the absolute threshold for hearing?
- Sound of a whisper at 10 meters
- Single teaspoon of sugar in 7.5 liters of water
- Tick of a clock at approximately 6 meters (correct)
- Candle flame seen at approximately 50 kilometers
According to Weber's Law, how does the Just Noticeable Difference (JND) relate to stimulus levels?
According to Weber's Law, how does the Just Noticeable Difference (JND) relate to stimulus levels?
- JND decreases with the stimulus value.
- JND is constant regardless of the stimulus level.
- JND increases with the stimulus value. (correct)
- JND is lower for auditory stimuli compared to visual stimuli.
What does signal detection theory distinguish between?
What does signal detection theory distinguish between?
- Perceptual signals and background noise.
- External noise and internal noise in perception.
- Physical thresholds and psychological limits.
- Sensitivity to perceive a signal and willingness to report it. (correct)
What is the absolute threshold for taste?
What is the absolute threshold for taste?
What is indicated by the absolute threshold for vision?
What is indicated by the absolute threshold for vision?
What role does the basilar membrane play in auditory transduction?
What role does the basilar membrane play in auditory transduction?
How does sound localization occur using two ears?
How does sound localization occur using two ears?
What is conduction deafness?
What is conduction deafness?
What is the range of the average cochlea's length?
What is the range of the average cochlea's length?
Which of the following statements concerning sound amplitude is false?
Which of the following statements concerning sound amplitude is false?
What best describes amplitude in relation to sound perception?
What best describes amplitude in relation to sound perception?
Which brain regions are primarily involved in olfaction and emotional memory retrieval?
Which brain regions are primarily involved in olfaction and emotional memory retrieval?
What is the primary function of taste buds in the gustatory system?
What is the primary function of taste buds in the gustatory system?
How do 'supertasters' differ from regular tasters?
How do 'supertasters' differ from regular tasters?
What is the difference between taste and flavor?
What is the difference between taste and flavor?
What phenomenon describes the diminishing sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus?
What phenomenon describes the diminishing sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus?
What is the approximate range of light waves that humans can perceive?
What is the approximate range of light waves that humans can perceive?
What structures in the human eye are responsible for transducing light into electrical impulses?
What structures in the human eye are responsible for transducing light into electrical impulses?
Which cells form the optic nerve from the axons in the retina?
Which cells form the optic nerve from the axons in the retina?
Which area of the retina contains only cones and is responsible for excellent visual acuity?
Which area of the retina contains only cones and is responsible for excellent visual acuity?
How do human visual systems adapt to low light conditions?
How do human visual systems adapt to low light conditions?
What is a significant downside of having only cones in the fovea?
What is a significant downside of having only cones in the fovea?
Which characteristic of rods contributes to their effectiveness in low illumination?
Which characteristic of rods contributes to their effectiveness in low illumination?
What is the primary difference between sensation and perception?
What is the primary difference between sensation and perception?
Which of the following best describes sensory transduction?
Which of the following best describes sensory transduction?
What does the absolute threshold refer to in psychophysics?
What does the absolute threshold refer to in psychophysics?
Which statement about senses is accurate?
Which statement about senses is accurate?
What is the role of context in perception?
What is the role of context in perception?
What combination primarily determines what we commonly refer to as taste?
What combination primarily determines what we commonly refer to as taste?
What does the gate control theory explain regarding pain perception?
What does the gate control theory explain regarding pain perception?
Which of the following senses provides feedback about muscles and joint positions?
Which of the following senses provides feedback about muscles and joint positions?
What term describes the phenomenon where individuals fail to notice unattended stimuli?
What term describes the phenomenon where individuals fail to notice unattended stimuli?
Which Gestalt principle explains that we perceive wholes rather than just the sum of parts?
Which Gestalt principle explains that we perceive wholes rather than just the sum of parts?
What is the term for the psychological readiness to perceive stimuli in a specific way?
What is the term for the psychological readiness to perceive stimuli in a specific way?
Which factors strongly influence our perceptual hypotheses?
Which factors strongly influence our perceptual hypotheses?
What defines critical periods in perception?
What defines critical periods in perception?
What role does amplification play in attention?
What role does amplification play in attention?
What is an illusion in the context of perception?
What is an illusion in the context of perception?
Questions and Answers
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Flashcards
Flashcards
Sensation
Sensation
The ability to detect a stimulus and turn that detection into a private experience.
Perception
Perception
The act of giving meaning to a detected sensation.
Absolute Threshold
Absolute Threshold
The minimum amount of stimulation needed for a person to detect a stimulus 50% of the time.
Psychophysics
Psychophysics
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Sensory Transduction
Sensory Transduction
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Difference Threshold (JND)
Difference Threshold (JND)
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Weber's Law
Weber's Law
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Signal Detection Theory
Signal Detection Theory
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Noise
Noise
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Frequency
Frequency
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Amplitude
Amplitude
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Waveform Shape
Waveform Shape
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Auditory Transduction
Auditory Transduction
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Basilar Membrane
Basilar Membrane
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Sensory Adaptation
Sensory Adaptation
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Adaptive Value of Sensory Adaptation
Adaptive Value of Sensory Adaptation
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Aftereffects of Sensory Adaptation
Aftereffects of Sensory Adaptation
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Visible Light Spectrum
Visible Light Spectrum
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Cornea
Cornea
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Pupil
Pupil
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Lens
Lens
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Decibels (dB)
Decibels (dB)
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Olfaction and the Limbic System
Olfaction and the Limbic System
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Gustation: The Sense of Taste
Gustation: The Sense of Taste
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Supertasters
Supertasters
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Taste vs. Flavor
Taste vs. Flavor
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What is "taste"?
What is "taste"?
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What are the different kinds of tactile sensations?
What are the different kinds of tactile sensations?
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What is the Gate Control Theory of pain?
What is the Gate Control Theory of pain?
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What are endorphins, and what do they do?
What are endorphins, and what do they do?
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What is kinesthesis?
What is kinesthesis?
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What is the vestibular sense?
What is the vestibular sense?
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What is attention?
What is attention?
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What is inattentional blindness?
What is inattentional blindness?
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What are Gestalt Principles?
What are Gestalt Principles?
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What is figure-ground separation?
What is figure-ground separation?
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Flashcards
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Study Notes
Study Notes
Sensation and Perception: Introduction and Measurement
- Sensation is the ability to detect a stimulus, potentially turning that detection into a conscious experience.
- Perception is the act of giving meaning to a detected sensation, allowing us to understand the world around us.
- Sensation and perception are vital for gaining knowledge of the environment.
Absolute Thresholds for Humans
- Vision: A candle flame seen at approximately 50 kilometers on a clear, dark night.
- Hearing: A ticking watch under quiet conditions at approximately 6 meters.
- Taste: A single teaspoon of sugar in approximately 7.5 liters of water.
- Smell: One drop of perfume diffused into a large apartment.
- Touch: A wing of a fly or bee falling on your cheek from a distance of 1 centimeter.
Psychophysics
- Psychophysics is the science that defines quantitative relationships between physical and psychological events.
- This establishes how physical stimuli relate to perceptual experiences.
Weber's Law
- Explains the smallest detectable change in a stimulus.
- The smallest noticeable difference (JND) is a constant proportion of the stimulus level.
Signal Detection Theory
- Quantifies an observer's response to a signal, considering background noise (both internal and external).
- Four possible outcomes in a signal detection scenario are considered: hits, misses, false alarms, and correct rejections.
Sensory Adaptation
- Diminishes sensitivity to unchanging stimuli.
- This allows perceptual systems to remain sensitive to changes in the environment.
The Human Eye
- Light passes through the cornea, pupil, and lens.
- The pupil adjusts size to regulate light entering the eye.
- Photoreceptors:
- Rods: Function best in dim light, providing sensitivity. Found throughout the retina except the fovea.
- Cones: Function best in brighter light, providing color vision and detail. Concentrated in the fovea at the center of the retina.
The Fovea
- Area in the center of the retina with high visual acuity.
- Contains only cones.
Perception Processing in Retina
- Rods and cones synapse with bipolar cells, which synapse with ganglion cells, creating the optic nerve.
- The axons of ganglion cells form the optic nerve.
Dark Adaptation
- Becoming sensitive to low illumination takes time.
- Progressive improvement in brightness sensitivity in low illumination.
Trichromatic Theory (Young-Helmholtz)
- Three types of color receptors (cones) in the retina that respond maximally to different wavelengths of light (blue, green, red).
- These signals combine to produce the perception of other colors.
Opponent-Process Theory
- Our visual system analyzes color in terms of opposites (red-green, blue-yellow, white-black).
Visual Pathways
- Specialized cells in the visual cortex (including feature detectors) analyze the visual stimulus into components.
- This happens in hierarchical fashion, building up more complex features from basic ones.
Visual Perception in the Primary Visual Cortex
- Visual information from the eye is projected to the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the thalamus.
- Then, this projected information is sent to the primary visual cortex (V1) within the occipital lobe.
- The fovea receives a large representation within the cortex, in order to receive and interpret visual information as detailed as possible.
Inferotemporal (IT) Cortex
- Important part of the temporal lobe.
- Crucial for object recognition.
- Lesions of this area cause deficits in object recognition (anosmia).
- It has very large receptive fields.
- Does not respond to simple stimuli like lines or spots. It responds effectively to complex objects like faces, hands, or objects.
Sound Localization
- Using subtle differences in how sounds arrive at both ears (interaural time and level differences).
Hearing Loss
- Various kinds of hearing loss: conduction deafness from issues with the outer or middle ear, or nerve deafness from issues in the inner ear (such as the cochlea). Different types of hearing loss respond differently to solutions.
Taste and Smell
- Taste (Gustation):
- Chemical receptors on taste buds.
- Four basic tastes: sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami.
- Individual differences in taste perception.
- Smell (Olfaction):
- Chemical receptors in the nasal cavity.
- Direct connection to the limbic system, influencing emotional responses and memory.
- Relatively poor sense for humans.
Body Senses
- Kinesthesis: Provides feedback about muscle and joint positions.
- Vestibular Sense: Helps with equilibrium and orientation (in inner ear).
Gestalt Principles of Perceptual Organization
- Similarity: Items that are similar are perceived as belonging to the same group.
- Proximity: Items that are close together are perceived as a group.
- Closure: We tend to perceive incomplete figures as complete.
- Continuity: We tend to perceive continuous lines and patterns rather than disrupted ones.
Perception and Hypothesis Testing
- Perceptual schemas help us to interpret ambiguous stimuli based on our past experiences.
- Our perceptual systems seek clear, concise interpretations of ambiguous stimuli.
- Knowing that something is an illusion allows the observer to sometimes see through the illusion.
Critical Periods in Perception
- Specific periods are crucial for learning some perceptual abilities. Experiences during these periods can have lasting effects, such as the specific pattern perception in kittens.
Key Concepts for modules 1-3 (summarized)
- Module 1: Psychology's roots, scientific method, experimental designs.
- Module 2: Neuron function, nerve impulses, synaptic transmission, and brain structure.
- Module 3: Sensation and perception (from physical aspects of stimuli to how we build a sense of perception), sensory and perception pathways, cortical processing.
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