Psychology Chapter on Self-Concept and Self-Efficacy
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Questions and Answers

What does the self-concept primarily consist of?

  • Learned behaviors from social interactions
  • Unconscious desires and fears
  • A collection of beliefs about one's own nature (correct)
  • Inborn personality traits and social influences

Which term refers to the specific self-concept that is accessible at any given time?

  • Working self-concept (correct)
  • Cognitive self-structure
  • Dynamic self-schema
  • Influential self-perception

What are self-schemas?

  • Beliefs developed from past experiences (correct)
  • Random thoughts about oneself
  • External labels given by society
  • Universal traits shared by all humans

How do possible selves influence individuals?

<p>They help in visualizing and achieving future goals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best illustrates a self-schema?

<p>Believing you are a great leader (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of self-concept results from both strengths and weaknesses an individual perceives?

<p>Multifaceted structure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which psychologist is credited with the term 'possible selves'?

<p>Hazel Markus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which source of self-efficacy is characterized by learning from one’s own experiences, especially through overcoming challenges?

<p>Mastery experiences (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the impact of watching unsuccessful role models on self-efficacy?

<p>It undermines self-efficacy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the least effective method of developing self-efficacy among the four discussed?

<p>Persuasion and encouragement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does persistence through failure contribute to self-efficacy?

<p>It reinforces the message of personal capability. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects the concept of vicarious experiences in building self-efficacy?

<p>They involve learning by observing competent models. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant factor that influences a child's self-concept?

<p>Parents' views of the child (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do individuals' perceptions of how others evaluate them differ from their actual evaluations?

<p>They are generally better at guessing how people evaluate them in a general context. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cultural value is emphasized in American culture according to the content?

<p>Individuality (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes collectivism in terms of self-concept?

<p>Emphasizing shared values and cooperation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When do individuals' perceptions of others' judgments become less influenced?

<p>When there is objective information available (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes individualism?

<p>Prioritizing personal goals above group goals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one effect of meeting cultural expectations on self-esteem?

<p>It can lead to increased self-esteem. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Children in collectivist cultures are typically taught to value which of the following traits?

<p>Shared resources (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Feedback from others is filtered through which of the following systems?

<p>Social perception systems (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which motive was found to be the strongest in influencing behavior?

<p>The self-enhancement motive (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used for the ability to direct and control one's behavior?

<p>Self-regulation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is self-efficacy primarily concerned with?

<p>Beliefs about capabilities with skills (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does high self-efficacy impact an individual's goal commitment?

<p>It increases commitment and persistence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Albert Bandura, self-efficacy beliefs vary based on what factor?

<p>A person's skills (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can individuals with high self-efficacy do better in stressful situations?

<p>Anticipate success and manage negative thoughts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What implications does self-efficacy have concerning academic success?

<p>It positively correlates with academic success and responses to stress (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When does self-regulation primarily develop?

<p>In early childhood and remains stable (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about self-efficacy is true?

<p>Self-efficacy can be learned and changed. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can self-defeating behavior be described as?

<p>A failure of self-control (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the ability to hear one's name in a noisy environment?

<p>Cocktail party effect (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of attribution assigns the cause of behavior to personal factors?

<p>Internal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor in making attributions according to Fritz Heider?

<p>Cognitive biases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Self-attributions can significantly affect one's personal adjustment. What is a common attribution made by lonely individuals?

<p>I am unlovable (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which example best demonstrates the self-attribution process?

<p>A tennis player attributes success to home court advantage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes external attributions?

<p>They focus on situational factors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect can attributions have on mental health?

<p>They can lead to depression based on how setbacks are interpreted (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is revealed by the cocktail party effect in cognitive processing?

<p>Attention can be selectively focused while ignoring distractions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following illustrates an external attribution?

<p>I failed because I wasn’t feeling well (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do individuals engage in attributional thinking?

<p>To make sense of their experiences (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Self-Concept

The idea we have about ourselves, formed by our own perceptions and others' feedback.

Social Perception

How we interpret others' perceptions of us, often influenced by our own self-image.

Accuracy in Social Perception

Our ability to accurately perceive how others evaluate us, often influenced by our own self-esteem and how we perceive ourselves.

Cultural Influence on Self-Concept

Cultural values shape what qualities are considered desirable or undesirable. These influence how we define self-worth and success.

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Individualism

Emphasis on personal goals, individual achievements, and self-reliance. Identity is defined by individual attributes.

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Collectivism

Emphasis on group goals, shared values, and interdependence. Identity is defined by group memberships.

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Self-Evaluation vs. External Feedback

The tendency to place more weight on our own self-perception in areas where external feedback is limited.

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Parental Views on Self-Concept

How parents' views impact a child's self-concept, showing the strong influence of close relationships.

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General vs. Specific Perception

People are generally better at estimating how others perceive them in general, rather than specific individuals.

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Self-Relevance

The tendency to prioritize information related to oneself, even in a crowded environment. This is like being able to hear your name called in a noisy room.

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Self-Attribution

A mental process where people evaluate and explain their behavior, often attributing causes to internal or external factors.

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Social Comparison

A key principle of self-understanding where individuals compare themselves to others to gain insights about their abilities, values, and beliefs.

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Internal Attribution

The tendency to attribute the cause of behavior to internal factors, such as personality traits, abilities, or motivations.

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External Attribution

The tendency to attribute the cause of behavior to external factors, such as situational pressures, environmental constraints, or luck.

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Selective Attention

The ability to selectively focus on certain information while ignoring distractions, often giving priority to self-relevant information.

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Attributional Thinking

The process of understanding and interpreting the causes of one's own behavior, often attributing success or failure to internal (personal) or external (situational) factors.

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Cocktail Party Effect

The phenomenon where individuals experience difficulty focusing on a single conversation in a noisy environment due to the presence of multiple distractions. However, they can still readily pick out their own name.

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Self-Understanding

A principle of self-cognition stating that individuals strive to understand themselves by comparing their own thoughts, feelings, and behaviors to those of others.

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Attributing Loneliness

Attributing the cause of loneliness to internal factors, such as personal flaws or unlovability, rather than external factors like social circumstances.

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Self-efficacy

The confidence in your ability to successfully complete a task or achieve a goal.

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Mastery Experiences

Directly experiencing success in a specific task or skill, building confidence in your abilities.

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Vicarious Experiences

Observing others successfully perform a task increases your belief that you can do it too, boosting your self-efficacy.

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Persuasion and Encouragement

Positive feedback from others about your abilities can increase your self-belief and confidence.

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Interpretation of Emotional Arousal

How we interpret our own emotions during a challenging situation can affect our self-efficacy. Fear can lead to doubts, while excitement can boost confidence.

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Self-regulation

The process of directing and controlling our thoughts, feelings, and actions to achieve goals and manage impulses.

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Self-defeating behavior

Actions that hinder personal progress or attainment of goals. It involves self-sabotaging behaviors, such as procrastination.

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Self-enhancement motive

The motive that emphasizes gaining a positive view of oneself, even if it means distorting reality.

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Consistency motive

The motive that seeks to maintain a consistent view of oneself, even if it means holding on to negative beliefs.

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Accuracy motive

The motive that prioritizes seeking accurate and objective information, even if it challenges existing beliefs.

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Delaying gratification

The ability to postpone immediate gratification to achieve long-term goals.

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Focusing behavior

The ability to channel our efforts towards a specific goal despite distractions or difficulties.

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Self-regulation flexibility

The ability to adapt and change our self-regulation strategies based on our needs and goals.

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Self-monitoring

The ability to monitor and evaluate one's own performance, thoughts, and feelings to improve self-regulation.

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What is self-concept?

A collection of beliefs about your own nature, characteristics, and typical behaviors.

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What are self-schemas?

Self-schemas are specific beliefs about your personality, abilities, values, and even physical features.

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What is the working self-concept?

The self-concept that is currently accessible and active in your thoughts and feelings.

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What are possible selves?

These are your ideas about the kind of person you might become in the future.

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How does social comparison shape self-concept?

The process of learning and growing by comparing your self-concept to others.

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How do self-schemas become strong?

A self-schema becomes strong and influential due to its frequent activation and the importance of the related aspect of the self.

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How do possible selves influence motivation?

Possible selves motivate you to strive for your goals by making you attentive to goal-related information and role models.

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Study Notes

The Self and Its Development

  • Carl Rogers viewed personality as a single construct, the self-concept.
  • The self-concept is a collection of beliefs about one's nature, qualities, and behavior.
  • It's a mental picture of oneself, encompassing self-perceptions like "I am easy-going" or "I am intelligent."
  • The self-concept is a multifaceted structure, not a single entity.
  • Self-schemas are organized collections of beliefs about the self, developed from past experiences.
  • These schemas include personality traits, abilities, physical features, values, goals, and social roles.
  • Self-schemas are based on dimensions important to the individual, encompassing strengths and weaknesses.
  • Each schema is tied to distinct thoughts and feelings.

Working Self-Concept

  • Contemporary psychologists argue that only a portion of the total self-concept is accessible at any given time.
  • This accessible portion is known as the working self-concept.
  • Self-schemas are dynamic and play a vital role in processing self-relevant information.

Possible Selves

  • Self-beliefs influence not only current behavior but also future behavior.
  • Possible selves are conceptions of the future self.
  • These conceptions derive from past experiences, current actions, and future expectations.
  • Possible selves help individuals envision desired future goals and motivate them to achieve those goals.
  • Negative possible selves (e.g., being an alcoholic) can serve as cautionary images.

Self-Discrepancy Theory

  • Individuals have multiple sets of self-perceptions.
  • These consist of the actual self (perceived qualities), ideal self (desirable qualities), and ought self (qualities one should have).
  • Discrepancies between these self-perceptions can lead to emotional distress, especially when the actual self is at odds with the ideal self.

Self-Discrepancies and their Effects

  • Aligning with ideal and ought selves leads to high self-esteem.
  • Discrepancies trigger dejection-related emotions (like sadness).
  • Self-discrepancies don't always produce predicted emotions; their intensity depends on factors like the discrepancy's size, awareness, and perceived importance.

Coping with Self-Discrepancies

  • Individuals can change their behavior to align it with their personal standards.
  • They can also lower self-awareness, for instance by drinking alcohol.
  • Larger discrepancies, greater awareness, and perceived importance of the discrepancy can increase negative feelings.

Factors Shaping the Self-Concept

  • Self-concept is influenced by observations of one's behavior, feedback from others, and cultural views.
  • Early experiences with parents are influential in shaping the self-concept.
  • Self-concept is dynamic and susceptible to change.

Social Comparison Theory

  • Individuals evaluate themselves by comparing themselves to others.
  • The reference group is a set of individuals against which individuals compare themselves.
  • This social comparison is vital for self-assessment and skill development.

Self-Esteem

  • Self-esteem is one's overall evaluation of self-worth.
  • It's a relatively stable component of self-concept.
  • Social comparisons influence fluctuations in self-esteem
  • Self-esteem can be boosted by being considered a "big fish in a small pond," meaning one is perceived as above average in their specific reference-group.
  • Positive distortion of self-image is common
  • This leads to potentially unrealistic beliefs.
  • Self-esteem is influenced by feedback from others
  • Self-esteem is often shaped by other people's feedback, but is also influenced by cultural views.

Self-Perception and Cognitive Processes

  • People deal with a plethora of daily decisions.
  • Cognitive shortcuts help avoid overload.
  • Attention towards the self is prioritised over other information.

Self-Attribution

  • Self-attributions are inferences about the causes of one's behavior.
  • Internal and external factors explain behaviour or events
  • Internal attributions focus on personal characteristics, traits, and feelings
  • External attributions point to situational factors
  • attributions significantly impact personal adjustment
  • Stable attributions tend to be more related to depression.
  • Unstable attributions may be a less prominent cause of depression.

Controllability of Causes

  • Controllability involves the perception of whether a cause of behaviour is under one's control.
  • Controllable causes are considered to be under one's control.
  • Uncontrollable causes affect behavior, but they are outside of one's direct control (e.g., weather).

Attributional Style

  • Attributional style is the tendency to use the same explanations for diverse life outcomes.
  • People display either optimistic or pessimistic styles. Optimistic people attribute failures to unstable, external, and specific factors.
  • Pessimistic people attribute failures to stable, internal, and global factors.

Self-Regulation

  • People continually try to control impulses and regulate their behavior.
  • It involves directing thoughts, feelings, and actions towards goals.
  • Self-efficacy is essential for self-regulation.

Self-Presentation

  • People often want to create a favorable impression on others.
  • Efforts to manage this impression are called impression management.
  • Common methods include ingratiation (becoming likeable), self-promotion (highlighting competence), exemplification (demonstrating honesty), and intimidation.
  • People sometimes create perceived circumstances that lead to negative outcomes to present an excuse for failure.

Self-Monitoring

  • Self-monitoring involves paying attention to how others perceive oneself.
  • People vary in their degree of self-monitoring with high self-monitors being highly aware of their behavior.
  • Low self-monitors are less aware.

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Related Documents

The Self and Its Development PDF

Description

Test your understanding of self-concept and self-efficacy in this quiz based on key psychological theories. Explore concepts such as self-schemas, possible selves, and the influences of role models on self-efficacy. Perfect for students of psychology preparing for exams or wanting to deepen their knowledge.

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