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Questions and Answers

What is required for an individual to grow according to Carl Rogers?

A judgment-free environment (correct)

Strict discipline

High competition

Material possessions

In individualistic cultures, which aspect is highly valued?

Shared responsibilities

Independence (correct)

Collective goals

Group harmony

What does body image refer to?

The standard size of clothing an individual fits into

The interaction between mental health and physical fitness

How individuals perceive and feel about their appearance (correct)

The influence of social media on physical traits

What is the Diderot Effect associated with?

Hyper-consumerism driven by dissatisfaction Signup and view all the answers

What do genes influence in terms of physical traits?

Height and bone structure Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, what are needs considered as?

Essential for everyday survival Signup and view all the answers

What typically characterizes a collectivist self-concept?

Priority of group goals over personal desires Signup and view all the answers

What is a common treatment for body dysmorphic disorder (BDD)?

Seeking therapy Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of spirituality?

Aligning behaviors with one's core values Signup and view all the answers

How does Hinduism view the self?

The self is identical to Brahman Signup and view all the answers

What does Buddhism emphasize regarding the self?

The self is an illusion composed of aggregates Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of klal Yisrael in Judaism?

It emphasizes a covenantal relationship with God Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the Five Pillars of Islam?

Meditation Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the karkarma according to Ilokano beliefs?

It can leave when frightened or stolen Signup and view all the answers

How is the aniwaas soul described in Ilokano tradition?

It can visit places during dreams Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the main soul according to Ilokano beliefs?

Kararwa Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

The Cognitive Construction of Self

Carl Rogers emphasized self-actualization, living authentically, and realizing one's full potential.
He believed individuals need a judgment-free environment, self-disclosure, and empathy to grow.
The real self and ideal self should be congruent or have congruence with each other.

Individualistic versus Collectivist Self

Individualism prioritizes personal needs over group needs, emphasizing individuality.
Western cultures often adopt individualistic values.
Independence, self-reliance, and personal freedom are highly valued in individualistic societies.
Collectivist self-concepts prioritize the needs and goals of the group over personal desires.
Eastern cultures, particularly in East Asia, often embrace collectivist values.
Group harmony is highly valued in collectivist societies.

The Physical Self: The Impact of Culture on Body Image

Body image refers to how individuals perceive, think, and feel about their physical appearance.
Genetics influence many physical traits, such as eye color, hair color, height, and bone structure.
Self-care profoundly impacts physical well-being across various dimensions.
Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) can be addressed through therapy and medication.
Eating disorders involve extreme behaviors related to food intake and weight control. Examples include anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder.

The Economic and Material Self: Living in a Material World

The material or economic self is an extension of the physical self, represented by possessions that reflect one's identity.
Material possessions reflect tastes, preferences, and lifestyle choices, acting as tangible representations of identity and personality.
The Diderot Effect describes a cycle where individuals feel compelled to buy more material possessions to match new acquisitions, leading to endless consumption.
"Necessity is the mother of consumption" highlights the tendency to consume or buy things when perceived as needed.
Needs are essential for survival, while wants are desires or preferences that enhance quality of life or pleasure.

The Spiritual Self: The Inner Soul

The spiritual self represents one's inner essence or soul, transcending the physical body and material world.
Spirituality involves contemplating life's ultimate questions and aligning actions with core values.
It includes reflecting on personal values and moral standards, reflecting one's inner being.
Being spiritual emphasizes prioritizing love towards oneself, others, and the world.
Spiritual individuals recognize the interconnectedness of all beings and strive to embody kindness and compassion.

Religion and Spirituality

Religions often have organized structures where followers gather for worship and community activities.
Religion is a set of beliefs, practices, and rituals followed by a group of people.

Hinduism

Teaches that the self, known as Atman, is eternal and identical to ultimate reality, Brahman.
Through the cycle of reincarnation (samsara), individuals experience the consequences of their actions (karma) and seek liberation (moksha) from the cycle of birth and death.

Buddhism

Views the self as impermanent and devoid of inherent existence.
The concept of Anatta (non-self) emphasizes that the self is composed of ever-changing aggregates.
Self is considered an illusion.

Judaism

Personal identity is shaped by adherence to Jewish laws, rituals, and traditions, fostering a sense of belonging to the community (klal Yisrael) and a covenantal relationship with God.

Islam

Personal identity is shaped by adherence to the Five Pillars of Islam, including faith (Shahada), prayer (Salah), charity (Zakat), fasting (Sawm), and pilgrimage (Hajj).

Understanding the Soul – The Filipino Tradition

Ilokano beliefs mention four souls that animate the body:
- The kararwa, or main soul, is vital and only leaves after death. It's the Ilokano term for the Christian soul.
- The karkarma, or second soul, can leave when frightened or stolen if one ventures to isolated areas. Failure to return can lead to insanity, with ceremonies held to lure it back.
- The aniwaas (aningaas or alingaas), or third soul, leaves during sleep to visit familiar places.
- The ar-aria, or fourth soul, is the liberated soul of the dead, visiting relatives and friends.

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Description

This quiz explores key concepts in psychology surrounding the cognitive construction of self, including Carl Rogers' theories on self-actualization and the contrast between individualistic and collectivist self-concepts. It also discusses the impact of culture on body image, providing insight into how self-perception varies across different societal contexts.