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Questions and Answers
What does a continuous reinforcement schedule require?
What does a continuous reinforcement schedule require?
- Every specified response is reinforced. (correct)
- An unpredictable number of responses for reinforcement.
- Only some responses are reinforced.
- A fixed number of responses for reinforcement.
Which of the following is characteristic of a fixed ratio schedule?
Which of the following is characteristic of a fixed ratio schedule?
- It produces a low and steady rate of response.
- Reinforcement follows an unpredictable number of responses.
- Each response is reinforced continuously.
- Reinforcement is contingent upon a fixed, predictable number of responses. (correct)
What distinguishes a variable ratio schedule from a fixed ratio schedule?
What distinguishes a variable ratio schedule from a fixed ratio schedule?
- It always requires the same number of responses.
- Reinforcement is provided after every response.
- It results in low rates of behavior.
- It has an unpredictable number of responses for reinforcement. (correct)
What might cause ratio strain in a fixed ratio schedule?
What might cause ratio strain in a fixed ratio schedule?
Which situation best exemplifies a variable ratio schedule?
Which situation best exemplifies a variable ratio schedule?
Which type of schedule tends to produce a high and steady rate of response?
Which type of schedule tends to produce a high and steady rate of response?
Which description best fits intermittent reinforcement schedules?
Which description best fits intermittent reinforcement schedules?
What behavioral phenomenon is best illustrated by a fixed ratio schedule?
What behavioral phenomenon is best illustrated by a fixed ratio schedule?
What is characteristic of a fixed interval schedule of reinforcement?
What is characteristic of a fixed interval schedule of reinforcement?
What is an example of a variable interval schedule?
What is an example of a variable interval schedule?
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates a fixed duration schedule?
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates a fixed duration schedule?
What pattern of responding is typically observed in a fixed interval schedule?
What pattern of responding is typically observed in a fixed interval schedule?
In a variable duration schedule, reinforcement is contingent upon what?
In a variable duration schedule, reinforcement is contingent upon what?
Which reinforcement schedule would likely produce a post-reinforcement pause?
Which reinforcement schedule would likely produce a post-reinforcement pause?
What distinguishes the differential reinforcement of high rates from other schedules?
What distinguishes the differential reinforcement of high rates from other schedules?
What is a common feature of a variable interval reinforcement schedule?
What is a common feature of a variable interval reinforcement schedule?
What is the primary characteristic of Differential Reinforcement of Low Rates?
What is the primary characteristic of Differential Reinforcement of Low Rates?
In Differential Reinforcement of Paced Responding, what type of reinforcement is provided?
In Differential Reinforcement of Paced Responding, what type of reinforcement is provided?
Which of the following describes a Fixed Time (FT) schedule?
Which of the following describes a Fixed Time (FT) schedule?
What is a characteristic of NonContingent Schedules of reinforcement?
What is a characteristic of NonContingent Schedules of reinforcement?
Which scenario illustrates a Variable Time (VT) schedule of reinforcement?
Which scenario illustrates a Variable Time (VT) schedule of reinforcement?
What distinguishes Conjunctive Schedules from other reinforcement schedules?
What distinguishes Conjunctive Schedules from other reinforcement schedules?
What type of schedule is described when the response requirement changes according to performance in previous trials?
What type of schedule is described when the response requirement changes according to performance in previous trials?
Which example best represents an application of Differential Reinforcement of Low Rates?
Which example best represents an application of Differential Reinforcement of Low Rates?
What is the goal gradient effect?
What is the goal gradient effect?
According to the Drive Reduction Theory, a reinforcing event is associated with what?
According to the Drive Reduction Theory, a reinforcing event is associated with what?
In the context of reinforcement, what does the Premack Principle suggest?
In the context of reinforcement, what does the Premack Principle suggest?
Which of the following describes a chained schedule in operant conditioning?
Which of the following describes a chained schedule in operant conditioning?
What is the effect of response deprivation hypothesis on behaviors?
What is the effect of response deprivation hypothesis on behaviors?
What motivates someone to engage in activities such as going to a concert according to incentive motivation?
What motivates someone to engage in activities such as going to a concert according to incentive motivation?
What role does crossing off items on a to-do list play in motivation?
What role does crossing off items on a to-do list play in motivation?
In what scenario might the goal gradient effect be observed in a student's behavior?
In what scenario might the goal gradient effect be observed in a student's behavior?
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Study Notes
Schedules of Reinforcement
- Schedule of Reinforcement specifies the response requirement needed to obtain reinforcement.
- Continuous Reinforcement Schedule reinforces each specified response.
- Intermittent (Partial) Reinforcement Schedule reinforces only some responses.
- Four Types of Intermittent Schedules:
- Fixed Ratio Schedule: Reinforcement is contingent on a fixed number of responses.
- FR 5 - a rat must press the lever 5 times to get a food pellet.
- Produces high response rate with short pauses after reinforcement.
- Dense: Low ratio requirement.
- Lean: High ratio requirement.
- Ratio Strain: Disruption in responding due to a demanding requirement.
- Variable Ratio Schedule: Reinforcement depends on a varying, unpredictable number of responses.
- Produces high and steady response rate with little post-reinforcement pause.
- VR 5 - a rat needs an average of 5 lever presses for each food pellet, but the number of presses required can vary.
- Helps explain the persistence of maladaptive behaviors.
- Fixed Interval Schedule: Reinforcement is contingent on the first response after a fixed period of time.
- Produces a "scalloped" pattern of responding, with a pause after reinforcement and an increasing rate as the interval approaches.
- Variable Interval Schedule: Reinforcement is contingent on the first response after a varying, unpredictable period of time.
- Generates a moderate and steady response rate with little post-reinforcement pause.
- Fixed Ratio Schedule: Reinforcement is contingent on a fixed number of responses.
Simple Schedules of Reinforcement
- Duration Schedules: Reinforcement is contingent on continuous behavior for a period of time.
- Fixed Duration Schedule: Behavior must be performed continuously for a fixed period.
- Variable Duration Schedule: Behavior must be performed continuously for a varying, unpredictable period.
- Response-Rate Schedules: Reinforcement is directly contingent on the organism's rate of response.
- Differential Reinforcement of High Rates: Reinforcement is provided for responding at a fast rate.
- Differential Reinforcement of Low Rates: Reinforcement is provided for responding at a slow rate.
- Differential Reinforcement of Paced Responding: Reinforcement is provided for responding at a specific rate.
NonContingent Schedules
- NonContingent Schedules: The reinforcer is delivered independent of any response, without any requirement.
- Fixed Time (FT) Schedule: The reinforcer is delivered after a fixed period, regardless of behavior.
- Variable Time (VT) Schedule: The reinforcer is delivered after a varying, unpredictable period, regardless of behavior.
Complex Schedules of Reinforcement
- Complex Schedules: Combinations of two or more simple schedules.
- Conjunctive Schedules: Requirements of two or more simple schedules must be met for reinforcement.
- Adjusting Schedules: The response requirement changes based on the organism's performance.
- Chained Schedules: A sequence of simple schedules, each with its own stimulus and the last resulting in a terminal reinforcer.
- Goal Gradient Effect: Increased responding as the goal is approached.
Theories of Reinforcement
- Drive Reduction Theory: Reinforcing events are associated with physiological drive reduction.
- The Premack Principle: High-probability behaviors can reinforce low-probability behaviors.
- Response Deprivation Hypothesis: A behavior can be reinforcing if access is restricted and its frequency falls below its preferred level.
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