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Questions and Answers
What is the term for correctly identifying a target sound when it is present?
What is the term for correctly identifying a target sound when it is present?
What happens when the target sound is present but the response is 'No'?
What happens when the target sound is present but the response is 'No'?
Which response indicates correctly identifying that the target sound is absent?
Which response indicates correctly identifying that the target sound is absent?
In signal detection theory, what does a 'False alarm' represent?
In signal detection theory, what does a 'False alarm' represent?
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What fundamental question does recognition memory seek to answer?
What fundamental question does recognition memory seek to answer?
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What is the primary goal of the retrieval process?
What is the primary goal of the retrieval process?
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How do retrieval cues function in the retrieval process?
How do retrieval cues function in the retrieval process?
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What can be inferred about strong associations in the retrieval process?
What can be inferred about strong associations in the retrieval process?
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What characterizes the strength of associations in memory retrieval?
What characterizes the strength of associations in memory retrieval?
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What happens if an association is weak during retrieval?
What happens if an association is weak during retrieval?
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What distinguishes familiarity from recollection in the dual-process theory of recognition memory?
What distinguishes familiarity from recollection in the dual-process theory of recognition memory?
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In the context of retrieval failure, which factor significantly impacts retrieval success?
In the context of retrieval failure, which factor significantly impacts retrieval success?
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What does the Remember/Know procedure measure in recognition memory?
What does the Remember/Know procedure measure in recognition memory?
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What role does the hippocampus play in recognition memory according to the dual-process theory?
What role does the hippocampus play in recognition memory according to the dual-process theory?
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Which of the following is true regarding explicit and implicit tests in memory retrieval?
Which of the following is true regarding explicit and implicit tests in memory retrieval?
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What type of retrieval task involves recalling items without any cues?
What type of retrieval task involves recalling items without any cues?
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Which retrieval task asks participants to choose between two studied words?
Which retrieval task asks participants to choose between two studied words?
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What is an example of contextual cues in memory retrieval?
What is an example of contextual cues in memory retrieval?
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Which task requires filling in missing letters based on context?
Which task requires filling in missing letters based on context?
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What principle explains why memory is best when tested in the same context as learning?
What principle explains why memory is best when tested in the same context as learning?
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What type of state affects memory retrieval in the context of physiological cues?
What type of state affects memory retrieval in the context of physiological cues?
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According to research, where is material recalled best?
According to research, where is material recalled best?
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What type of implicit retrieval task requires naming many items from a category?
What type of implicit retrieval task requires naming many items from a category?
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Which task would use cues from external, temporal data for improved recall?
Which task would use cues from external, temporal data for improved recall?
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Which retrieval task is characterized as a type of explicit memory test?
Which retrieval task is characterized as a type of explicit memory test?
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What primarily determines the strength of cue-target associations?
What primarily determines the strength of cue-target associations?
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Why is only vague familiarity with a cue like 'WATER' and its corresponding target 'AGUA' ineffective?
Why is only vague familiarity with a cue like 'WATER' and its corresponding target 'AGUA' ineffective?
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What is meant by 'dual-cuing' in the context of memory retrieval?
What is meant by 'dual-cuing' in the context of memory retrieval?
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How does elaborative encoding enhance memory retrieval?
How does elaborative encoding enhance memory retrieval?
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Which of the following best exemplifies strong cue-target associative strength?
Which of the following best exemplifies strong cue-target associative strength?
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What role does access to additional cues play in retrieval?
What role does access to additional cues play in retrieval?
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In the example of 'Mythical' leading to 'POST', what is illustrated regarding retrieval?
In the example of 'Mythical' leading to 'POST', what is illustrated regarding retrieval?
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Why is encoding cues and targets separately considered unhelpful?
Why is encoding cues and targets separately considered unhelpful?
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What effect does dividing attention during retrieval have on memory performance?
What effect does dividing attention during retrieval have on memory performance?
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How does the presence of retrieval cues impact memory recall?
How does the presence of retrieval cues impact memory recall?
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What is the main reason for interference in memory performance when a second task is performed?
What is the main reason for interference in memory performance when a second task is performed?
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What defines the cue-target associative strength in memory retrieval?
What defines the cue-target associative strength in memory retrieval?
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Which task completion led to the most significant reduction in performance according to the study?
Which task completion led to the most significant reduction in performance according to the study?
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What is a crucial aspect of effective retrieval cues according to the encoding specificity principle?
What is a crucial aspect of effective retrieval cues according to the encoding specificity principle?
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What happens if a cue is encoded separately from the target?
What happens if a cue is encoded separately from the target?
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In the context of memory retrieval, what is the effect of not attending to a retrieval cue?
In the context of memory retrieval, what is the effect of not attending to a retrieval cue?
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Study Notes
Cognition: Week 4
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The course covers the retrieval process and factors affecting it, retrieval tasks, the role of contextual cues, and recognition memory.
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Semantic memory was discussed last week.
Overview
- Retrieval process and factors affecting it
- Retrieval Tasks
- The role of contextual cues
- Recognition memory
The retrieval process
- Retrieval is a progression from cues to a target memory trace.
- The aim is to find the target memory.
- Retrieval cues are bits of information guiding the search.
- Associations connect items in memory. Association strength varies.
- A stronger association makes retrieval easier. A weaker one hinders retrieval.
Retrieval Process
- Retrieval involves a progression from one or more cues to a target memory trace through associative connections.
- The goal is to make the target memory available.
- The target memory trace is the specific memory being searched for.
- Retrieval cues are bits of information about the target memory that guide the search.
- Associations are bonds linking items in memory, with varying strength.
- Stronger associations facilitate retrieval; weaker ones hinder it.
Spreading Activation
- Activation level reflects the excitement level of a memory.
- Activation level affects accessibility.
- Activation increases when something related to the memory is encountered.
- Activation persists for some time.
- Spreading activation is the automatic transfer of energy from one memory to related items through associations.
- The strength of connections between memories affects the spread of activation.
Spreading Activation & Pattern Completion
- Cues, like "Dinner," activate related activities and memories.
- Spreading activation connects related concepts (e.g., peas, wife, mashed potatoes).
- Pattern completion is the process where spreading activation fills in missing components of a memory.
- This process helps reinstate the entire memory.
Pattern Completion
- Retrieval involves reinstating the features representing a memory.
- Cues trigger spreading activation to other features, completing missing components.
- Pattern completion describes how spreading activation brings a memory back.
- This is thought to be a role of the hippocampus.
Pattern Completion and "the memory of the dinner event"
- The diagram shows connections between elements of the dinner event memory.
Retrieval Factors
- Factors determining retrieval success relate to the relationship between cues and the target.
- These factors are attention to cues, relevance of cues, strength of cue-target association, number of cues, strength of target memory, retrieval strategy, and retrieval mode.
1. Attention to Cues
- Reduced attention to cues impairs retrieval guidance.
- Dividing attention reduces memory performance when the secondary task is related to the primary one.
- Attention-demanding secondary tasks hinder recall.
2. Relevance of Cues
- Retrieval cues are most effective when connected to the target, especially present at encoding.
- The effectiveness of retrieval cues is enhanced when they are similar to the initial encoding cue.
- The encoding specificity principle is key in retrieval.
3. Cue-target Associative Strength
- Retrieval success relies on the strength of cue-target association, which depends on encoding time and attention spent on connecting the cue and target.
- Separate encoding of the cue and target is ineffective for retrieval.
4. Number of Cues
- Access to multiple relevant cues facilitates retrieval because cues spread activation to the target.
- Dual cuing strengthens retrieval by utilizing more retrieval routes.
5. Strength of Target Memory
- The more deeply encoded a target memory, the easier it is to retrieve.
- Frequent target words start with a higher activation level.
- Familiar targets are easier to retrieve.
6. Retrieval Strategy
- Efficient memory search strategies, and reorganization of material used for encoding improve retrieval.
- Strategy changes (new perspective) can improve recollection of formerly forgotten items.
7. Retrieval Mode
- Frame of mind impacts how environmental cues trigger retrieval.
- Multiple episodic tasks in succession improve memory, likely due to different brain region involvement.
- Involuntary retrieval (e.g., something "springs to mind") happens without conscious intent.
Retrieval Tasks
- Direct/Explicit memory tests require conscious recall of experiences, usually requiring a contextual cue.
- Impaired performance in amnesia often results from these explicit memory tests.
- Indirect/Implicit memory tests gauge the unconscious influence of experiences without explicit recall.
- Priming, where recent experiences improve performance, is an example.
Retrieval Tasks: Tests
- Free Recall
- Cued Recall
- Yes/No Recognition
- Forced-Choice Recognition
- Stem Completion
- Fragment Completion
- Conceptual Fluency
Contextual Cues
- External contextual cues include location, time, and mood.
- Internal contextual cues include physiological state and cognitive factors like concepts.
Context-Dependent Memory
- Memory retrieval is improved when the retrieval context matches the encoding context.
- This is based on encoding specificity: information is encoded with its context.
Context-Dependent Memory: Environmental Factors
- Memory tests (cued recall) have shown better performance when the encoding and retrieval environments match.
- Retrieval is typically better in the same environment the learning occurred.
Cognitive Context-Dependent Memory
- Retrieval efficacy is improved when encoding and retrieval cognitive contexts match.
- The same concepts that occupied attention at encoding will be more easily retrieved.
Recognition Memory
- Recognition memory involves discerning old stimuli (learned) from new stimuli (unfamiliar).
- Signal detection theory (SDT) explains the decision process involved in recognition judgments.
- SDT analyzes the decision process in terms of hits, misses, false alarms, and correct rejections.
- The familiarity of items plays a role in recognizing items.
Signal Detection Theory (SDT) in Recognition Memory
- SDT describes how recognition decisions are made when presented with stimuli.
- Memory traces each have strength as opposed to one single recognition threshold.
- Memories with strong traces overlap.
- SDT analyzes hits, misses, and false alarms to understand factors influencing recognition.
Dual-Process Theory in Recognition Memory
- Recognition memory involves two processes: familiarity and recollection.
- Familiarity is a fast, automatic sense of knowing.
- Recollection is a slower, more demanding process of actively retrieving details from episodic memory.
- Measuring recognition involves the remember/know procedure.
Recognition Memory: Measuring
- Using the Remember/Know procedure, participants decide if they recollect context details of previously seen items or if the item seems familiar.
Summary
- Retrieval failure can cause memory failure.
- Retrieval success depends on the relationship between cues and memory traces.
- Context greatly impacts memory retrieval.
- Recognition memory is a crucial aspect of memory.
- Both signal detection and dual-process theories describe recognition memory.
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Description
This quiz focuses on concepts related to signal detection theory and recognition memory. It covers fundamental terms, processes, and measurements in memory retrieval, including the roles of associations and the hippocampus. Test your understanding of how we identify and recall information in different contexts.
