Psychology Chapter on Punishment and Reinforcement

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Questions and Answers

What is an example of negative punishment?

Being grounded after breaking curfew

Receiving a reward for good behavior

Getting detained after cheating on a test

Missing a fun event due to poor grades (correct)

Which type of schedule rewards a subject after a defined number of correct responses?

Fixed Interval Schedule

Variable Interval Schedule

Variable Ratio Schedule

Fixed Ratio Schedule (correct)

What characterizes a Variable Interval Schedule?

Rewards are given after a fixed amount of time

Rewards are given after every response

Rewards are unpredictable regarding time (correct)

Rewards require a specific number of responses

Observational learning is primarily based on what process?

Observing rewards received by others Signup and view all the answers

In operant conditioning, when does a reward typically occur?

After the behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario describes a Fixed Interval Schedule?

Getting paid hourly for your work Signup and view all the answers

Which reinforcement type is applied when a pigeon receives food after every ten bar presses?

Fixed Ratio Schedule Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of classical conditioning?

Salivating at the sight of food Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes REM sleep compared to NREM sleep?

A brain that appears idle with vivid emotional dreams Signup and view all the answers

What does classical conditioning involve?

Pairing a neutral stimulus with a natural reflex-producing stimulus Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding dreams in NREM sleep?

They are less emotionally vivid compared to REM dreams Signup and view all the answers

What is positive reinforcement?

Adding a pleasant stimulus after a behavior to increase that behavior Signup and view all the answers

In operant conditioning, what effect does punishment have on behavior?

It decreases the likelihood of the behavior recurring Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a reinforcer in operant conditioning?

To increase the probability of a behavior recurring Signup and view all the answers

How does negative reinforcement differ from punishment?

It removes a negative stimulus to increase a behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is true about the content of dreams experienced during REM sleep?

They resemble normal thinking patterns Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is associated with initiating hunger?

Lateral hypothalamus Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a physiological change associated with emotion?

Gastrointestinal motility Signup and view all the answers

What type of motive is primarily involved when someone volunteers for community service?

Altruism motive Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding motivation?

Motivational states can arise from both internal and external factors. Signup and view all the answers

What can result from the destruction of the ventromedial hypothalamus?

Increased appetite leading to overeating Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following emotions is considered universal?

Disgust Signup and view all the answers

How does emotional arousal generally affect performance?

A balance of arousal is needed for optimal performance. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about motives is incorrect?

Motives only relate to physiological needs. Signup and view all the answers

What is the most powerful system of the psyche that can overshadow the ego?

Personal unconscious Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following concepts is central to the phenomenological approach to personality study?

Self Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to distinctive patterns of thought, emotion, and behavior that define an individual's interaction style?

Personality Signup and view all the answers

In Freud's psychosexual stages, which stage is associated with an anxious person seeking to return to the womb?

Oral Signup and view all the answers

What does the statement 'I’m sad you’re well' illustrate?

Freudian slip Signup and view all the answers

What illustrates a longing for intimacy as expressed in art according to psychological theory?

Sublimation Signup and view all the answers

What dynamic process describes how an individual's personality evokes responses from others?

Evocative interaction Signup and view all the answers

In bipolar disorder, what are the alternating states experienced by individuals?

Mania and depression Signup and view all the answers

Which type of receptor is primarily associated with smell?

Olfactory receptors Signup and view all the answers

What part of the brain is involved in processing auditory information?

Primary Auditory Cortex Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following sensations are rods responsible for?

Colorless sensations in lower light Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of recognizing and interpreting sensory stimuli called?

Perception Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve is NOT involved in the sense of taste?

Optic Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'extrasensory perception' (ESP) refer to?

Response to stimuli without known sensory contact Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes clairvoyance?

Perception of objects without known stimuli Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a function of perception?

Interpreting feelings of pain Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Positive and Negative Punishment

Positive punishment involves introducing an undesirable event following a behavior, such as detention for cheating.
Negative punishment occurs when a desirable event is removed after a behavior, for example, confiscating a cell phone after poor academic performance.

Schedules of Intermittent Reinforcement

Interval schedule rewards subjects after specific time intervals.
Ratio schedule rewards subjects after a set number of responses.
Types of intermittent reinforcement include:
- Fixed Interval Schedule (FI): Reward for the first correct response after a defined time, such as a regular paycheck.
- Variable Interval Schedule (VI): Reward given after unpredictable amounts of time, like random feeding of fish.
- Fixed Ratio Schedule (FR): Reward given after a specified number of correct responses, for example, loyalty reward cards.
- Variable Ratio Schedule (VR): Reward based on an unpredictable number of correct responses, such as lottery scratch-offs.

Observational Learning

Observational learning extends operant conditioning, learning by observing others and their behaviors and consequences.
It involves acquiring new responses by watching others earn rewards.

Classical Conditioning

Classical conditioning shows that a conditioned stimulus, like a tone, can elicit a response, such as salivation in dogs when paired with food.
Concepts related to classical conditioning include second-order conditioning, generalization, discrimination, and sensitization.

Sensory Systems

Key sensory systems include sight, smell, taste, touch, and hearing.
Each sensory system has specific stimuli (e.g., light, chemicals) and receptors (e.g., rods and cones for sight).
Perception involves recognizing and interpreting sensory stimuli, focusing on localization and recognition.

Extrasensory Perception (ESP)

ESP refers to responses to external stimuli without known sensory contact, including:
- Telepathy: Thought transference between individuals.
- Psychokinesis: Mental influence over physical events.
- Clairvoyance: Perception of objects or events without sensory input.
- Precognition: Foreseeing future events without prior knowledge.

Consciousness

Consciousness is the awareness of the external environment or internal states.
NREM sleep features an active brain with a paralyzed body, while REM sleep is when dreams occur, reported by most individuals woken during this phase.

Learning in Psychology

Learning is acquiring new and lasting information or behaviors, often through association, as seen in classical conditioning by Ivan Pavlov.
Operant conditioning refers to behavioral responses being strengthened by reinforcers or diminished by punishers.
Reinforcement increases the likelihood of a behavior, with positive reinforcement presenting a stimulus after a response, while negative reinforcement removes an aversive stimulus.

Motives and Emotions

Motivational states arise from internal drives and external incentives, influencing behaviors.
Types of motives include physiological (e.g., hunger), social (e.g., achievement), and those not strictly biological or social (e.g., sex drive).
Hunger is regulated by the lateral hypothalamus (under eating) and ventromedial hypothalamus (overeating).
Emotions represent expressions of internal states, accompanying physiological changes.

Theories of Emotion

Universal emotions are recognized in diverse cultures, while motivation is typically directed toward achieving pleasurable outcomes or alleviating unpleasant states.

Personality and Interactions

Personality shapes distinctive responses from others in an interactive process, including reactive and evocative interactions.
Self-actualization in individuals like Albert Einstein reflects fulfilling potential and embracing experiences.

Mental Disorders

Bipolar disorder is characterized by alternating episodes of mania and depression, while schizophrenia is often confused with multiple personality disorder.

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Description

Explore the concepts of positive and negative punishment in this quiz, along with the schedules of intermittent reinforcement. Understand how different types of punishment affect behavior and what schedules can be applied for effective reinforcement. Perfect for psychology students looking to deepen their knowledge on behavioral theories.