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Questions and Answers
What is the main focus of the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)?
What is the main focus of the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)?
- Providing counseling and treatment to people struggling with drug addiction
- Enforcing drug laws and regulations
- Funding research related to drug abuse, addiction, treatment, and prevention (correct)
- Developing and distributing new medications for drug addiction
Which of the following categories does NOT belong to the classification system for drugs mentioned in the text?
Which of the following categories does NOT belong to the classification system for drugs mentioned in the text?
- Hallucinogens
- Depressants
- Stimulants
- Antibiotics (correct)
Which agency is responsible for enforcing drug laws and regulations in the United States?
Which agency is responsible for enforcing drug laws and regulations in the United States?
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)
- Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
- Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) (correct)
What is the primary effect of positive reinforcement on behavior?
What is the primary effect of positive reinforcement on behavior?
Which of the following is NOT a recognized category of drugs mentioned in the text?
Which of the following is NOT a recognized category of drugs mentioned in the text?
Which of the following statements accurately describes a Schedule 1 drug?
Which of the following statements accurately describes a Schedule 1 drug?
A drug classified as Schedule 2 would be characterized by which of the following:
A drug classified as Schedule 2 would be characterized by which of the following:
According to the DSM criteria, which of the following is NOT a core feature of substance use disorder?
According to the DSM criteria, which of the following is NOT a core feature of substance use disorder?
Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies the 'impaired control' feature of substance use disorder?
Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies the 'impaired control' feature of substance use disorder?
A person who frequently uses a substance in a dangerous environment, such as while driving, clearly demonstrates which feature of substance use disorder as defined by the DSM?
A person who frequently uses a substance in a dangerous environment, such as while driving, clearly demonstrates which feature of substance use disorder as defined by the DSM?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily responsible for regulating mood, sleep, and appetite?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily responsible for regulating mood, sleep, and appetite?
Which of these neurotransmitters is primarily associated with a feeling of pleasure and reward?
Which of these neurotransmitters is primarily associated with a feeling of pleasure and reward?
Which neurotransmitter is considered the main inhibitory chemical in the brain, helping to regulate neuronal activity and prevent overexcitation?
Which neurotransmitter is considered the main inhibitory chemical in the brain, helping to regulate neuronal activity and prevent overexcitation?
Which neurotransmitter is crucial for memory, cognition, and movement, and is associated with the neurodegenerative disease Alzheimer's?
Which neurotransmitter is crucial for memory, cognition, and movement, and is associated with the neurodegenerative disease Alzheimer's?
Which neurotransmitter is released in response to pain and stress, promoting feelings of well-being and reducing pain perception?
Which neurotransmitter is released in response to pain and stress, promoting feelings of well-being and reducing pain perception?
What is the relationship between the Effective Dose (ED50) and the Lethal Dose (LD50)?
What is the relationship between the Effective Dose (ED50) and the Lethal Dose (LD50)?
What is the primary goal of titration in drug administration?
What is the primary goal of titration in drug administration?
What does the term '50%' signify in the definition of ED50 and LD50?
What does the term '50%' signify in the definition of ED50 and LD50?
Why is it important to consider both ED50 and LD50 when evaluating a drug?
Why is it important to consider both ED50 and LD50 when evaluating a drug?
How does titration generally work in practice?
How does titration generally work in practice?
Which of the following accurately describes the relationship between potency and effectiveness?
Which of the following accurately describes the relationship between potency and effectiveness?
Which of the following is NOT a type of tolerance discussed in the text?
Which of the following is NOT a type of tolerance discussed in the text?
A patient taking a drug regularly experiences a decrease in its effectiveness over time. What is the most likely reason for this?
A patient taking a drug regularly experiences a decrease in its effectiveness over time. What is the most likely reason for this?
Which of the following best describes an agonist drug?
Which of the following best describes an agonist drug?
Which of the following is an example of drug disposition tolerance?
Which of the following is an example of drug disposition tolerance?
Which route of administration is considered the fastest to deliver a drug to the brain?
Which route of administration is considered the fastest to deliver a drug to the brain?
Which route of administration involves placing a drug between the cheek and gum for absorption?
Which route of administration involves placing a drug between the cheek and gum for absorption?
Which route of administration bypasses the digestive system altogether?
Which route of administration bypasses the digestive system altogether?
Which route of administration is used for drugs that are absorbed through the skin?
Which route of administration is used for drugs that are absorbed through the skin?
Which route of administration is commonly used for delivering drugs in liquid form into a muscle?
Which route of administration is commonly used for delivering drugs in liquid form into a muscle?
Flashcards
Schedule 1 Drugs
Schedule 1 Drugs
Drugs with high abuse potential and no accepted medical use in the U.S.
Schedule 2 Drugs
Schedule 2 Drugs
Drugs with high abuse potential but accepted medical use in the U.S.
Impaired Control
Impaired Control
A DSM criterion indicating loss of control over substance use.
Social Impairment
Social Impairment
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Risky Use
Risky Use
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Titration
Titration
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Effective Dose (ED50)
Effective Dose (ED50)
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Lethal Dose (LD50)
Lethal Dose (LD50)
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Dose-Response Relationship
Dose-Response Relationship
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Safety Therapeutic Index
Safety Therapeutic Index
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Positive Reinforcement
Positive Reinforcement
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Categories of Drugs
Categories of Drugs
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DEA
DEA
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NIDA
NIDA
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Stimulants
Stimulants
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Receptors
Receptors
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Acetylcholine
Acetylcholine
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Dopamine
Dopamine
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GABA
GABA
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Endorphine
Endorphine
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Agonist
Agonist
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Antagonist
Antagonist
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Potency
Potency
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Effectiveness
Effectiveness
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Tolerance
Tolerance
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Intravenous
Intravenous
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Intramuscular
Intramuscular
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Subcutaneous
Subcutaneous
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Inhalation
Inhalation
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Sublingual
Sublingual
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Study Notes
Psychoactive Drugs
- Alters consciousness
- Gateway substance: Drugs people use before harder drugs
Drug Schedules
- Schedule 1: High potential for abuse, no currently accepted medical use in the U.S.
- Schedule 2: High potential for abuse, currently accepted medical use in the U.S.
Substance Use Disorder Criteria
- Impaired control
- Social impairment
- Risky use
Positive Reinforcement
- Strengthens behavior
Drug Categories
- Stimulants
- Depressants
- Opioids
- Medications for psychological disorders
- Psychedelics
DEA
- Drug Enforcement Administration, a division of the Department of Justice.
NIDA
- National Institute on Drug Abuse; funds research on drug abuse, addiction, treatment, and prevention.
Nervous System Divisions
- Two main divisions: brain and spinal cord
- Somatic nervous system: Controls skeletal muscles
- Autonomic nervous system: Controls internal organs and glands
Blood-Brain Barrier
- Protects the brain by regulating substance entry from the blood.
Cerebellum
- Motor coordination and movement; memory
Brain Stem Structures
- Basic life support
Neuron Structures
- Cell body: Life support center
- Dendrites: Receive incoming signals
- Axon: Sends signals to other neurons
- Myelin sheath: Insulates and speeds signal transmission
- Axon terminal: End of axon, releases signals
- Synapse: Gap between neurons
Synaptic Vesicles
- Store and release neurotransmitters during synaptic transmission
Receptors
- Receive and respond to neurotransmitters, influencing brain function and behavior
Neurotransmitters
- Acetylcholine: Memory, cognition, movement
- Dopamine: Pleasure, reward, motivation
- Norepinephrine: Arousal, attention
- GABA: Main inhibitory chemical in the brain
- Endorphins: Brain's natural morphine, eases pain
Neuronal Communication
- Neurotransmitters travel across the synapse and bind to receptors on the next neuron.
- Neurotransmitters are removed from the synapse via reuptake, enzymatic degradation, or diffusion to prevent continuous signaling.
Titration
- Adjusting drug dose to obtain desired effect
Effective Dose
- Dose effective in 50% of subjects tested
Lethal Dose
- Dose fatal in 50% of subjects tested
Therapeutic Index
- LD50 divided by ED50; higher is better, indicates safer margin
Dose-Response Curve
- Graph comparing drug size or response to amount of drug
Half-Life
- Time needed for the body to eliminate 50% of the original ingested drug amount
Agonist
- Binds to receptor and produces a functional effect
Antagonist
- Binds to receptor but has no functional effect
Drug Metabolites
- Breakdown products of drugs
Potency
- Dose required to produce some effect
Drug Tolerance
- Diminishing effect when given a similar dose.
- Behavioral Tolerance: Learned, increased competence under influence
- Drug Disposition: Body metabolizes drugs faster
- Pharmacodynamic: Drug disrupts homeostasis, brain restores balance
Withdrawal
- Opposite direction to initial drug effects
First-Pass Metabolism
- Liver's breakdown of a drug before systemic circulation
Liver Metabolism
- Liver enzymes modify drugs, affecting activation, inaction or elimination
Double-Blind Studies
- Used to get true drug effect picture, varying doses.
Routes of Administration
- Intravenous (IV)
- Intramuscular (IM)
- Subcutaneous
- Inhalation
Drug Administration to the brain
- Oral- Swallowing
- Buccal- Cheeks or gums
- Sublingual - Under tongue
- Mucosal - Mucous membranes
- Transdermal- Through skin
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Description
Explore the key concepts surrounding psychoactive drugs and their impact on consciousness. This quiz covers drug schedules, substance use disorder criteria, and the role of positive reinforcement in addiction. Test your understanding of various drug categories and the structures involved in the nervous system.
