PSYCH 118 SG (1) PDF

Psychoactive Drug - Alters consciousness Gateway substance- Drugs people use before using “harder” drugs. Drugs schedules- * Schedule 1: High potential for abuse, there is no currently actable medical use in the U.S * Schedule 2: High potential for abuse, currently accepted medi...

Psychoactive Drug - Alters consciousness Gateway substance- Drugs people use before using “harder” drugs. Drugs schedules- * Schedule 1: High potential for abuse, there is no currently actable medical use in the U.S * Schedule 2: High potential for abuse, currently accepted medical use In U.S DSM diagnostic criteria for substance use disorder- Impaired control, social impairment,risky use. Positive reinforcement- Strengthens behavior Categories for drugs- stimulants, depressants, opioids, meds of psych disorders, psychedelics DEA- * Drug Enforcement Administration: Division of dept of Justice NIDA- * National Institute On Drug Abuse: Funds research on drug abuse, addiction, treatment, & prevention. Division of the Nervous System- * 2 Main are Brain + Spinal Cord * Somatic Nervous System: Controls movement of our skeletal muscles * Autonomic Nervous System: Controls internal glands & organs. Blood Brain-Barrier- Protect the brain by regulating substance entry from blood. Cerebellum- Controls motor coordination & movement: memory Brain Stem Structures- Basic life support Structures of the Neuron- * Cell body: Neurons life support center * Dendrites: Tree like extensions from cell body that receive incoming signals * Axon: Send neral message to others neurons * Myelin Sheath: InsulatesExam axon and speed neural signals * Axon Terminal: End of axon and speed neural signals. * Synapse: Tiny gaps between neurons. Synaptic Vesicles- Tiny sacs in axon terminals that store and release neurotransmitters during synaptic transmission. Receptors- Neurons that receive & respond to neurotransmitters, influencing brain function & behavior. Acetylcholine- Memory, cognition, movement Dopamine- Pleasure, reward, motivation Norepinephrine- Arousal & attention GABA- Main inhibitory chemical in the brain Endorphine- Brain's natural morphine; helps ease pain Neuronal Communication: 1. Precurason are absorbed into cell body & used to synthesize neurotransmitter molecules 2. Neurotransmitters travels down axon terminal 3. Neurotransmitters travel across synapse to bline to receptors on the next neuron. 4. Neurotransmitters are removed from synapse Reuptake- Enzymatic degradation, or diffusion to prevent continuous signaling. Titration- Adjusting drug dose to obtain desired effect Effective Dose- Dose that is effective in 50% of subjects tested. Lethal Dose- Dose that is fatal in 50% of subjects tested. Therapeutic index- Safety margin, LD50 divided ED50, bigger the better. Dose- response- curve- Graph comparing the size or response to the amount of drug. Half life- Time needed for the body to eliminate 50% of the original ingested amount of drug. Agonis- Blind to the receptor and produces a functional effect. Antagonist- Blind to receptor with no functional effect. Metabolites- Breakdown product of drugs Potency- Dose required to prudence some effect Effectiveness- Differences effect that drug produce Tolerance: Diminishing effect when given some dose * Behavior Tolerance: Its learned, increased competence with under the influence * Drug Disposition: Body metabolizes drugs faster, usually from increased enzymes. * Pharmacodynamic: Drug disrupts homeostasis, brain tries to restore balance by changing neurotransmitter levels Withdraws- Opposite direction to the initial effects of drugs First pass metabolism- Liver’s breakdown of a drug before it reaches systemic circulation. Liver Metabolism- Liver enzymes modify drugs, affecting their activation. inaction , or elimination. Double-Blind Studies- To get a true picture of drug effect we give a wide range of doses. Routes Of Administration: * Intravenous: Injection directly into a vein * Intramuscular: Injection into a muscle * Subcutaneous(Skin Popping): Injection under the skin * Inhalation: delivery system used for smoking, also it the faster to deliver to the brain * Oral: Administration of drug by swallowing * Buccal: Placement of drug between cheek & gum for absorption through oral mucosa * Sublingual: Under the tongue for rapid absorption * Mucosal: Application of drug to mucous membranes * Transdermal: Application of drug thru the skin