Psychology Chapter on Personality and SLA

<p>Openness to Experience (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Extraverts gain energy from social interactions, while introverts gain energy from solitude (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An individual's psychological preferences in perceiving the world and making decisions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased language anxiety due to perfectionism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Creativity–Logic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>As a result of reinforcement and experiences (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They contribute to motivation and the choice of learner strategies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A set of traits, attitudes, and behaviors that distinguish one individual from another (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conscientiousness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They help explain why learners attain different levels of success in L2 acquisition (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Personal growth and self-actualization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neuroticism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It lacks strong scientific validation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An adult learning Spanish for career advancement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bilingualism causes language delays in children (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bilingual children develop separate language systems from an early age and have comparable vocabulary to monolinguals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both go through stages of language acquisition (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The amount and quality of language exposure significantly impact language development in both groups (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Improved memory, attention, and problem-solving skills (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ability to reflect on and manipulate language structures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Better ability to switch between tasks and manage attention (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The practice of alternating between languages within a conversation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bilinguals can use language to express their cultural identity and group membership (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Languages may be associated with different emotions and attitudes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A theory that states there is an optimal window for language acquisition in early childhood (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Early bilinguals have higher brain plasticity, allowing for seamless language integration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Early bilinguals process both languages in the same neural areas, while late bilinguals may use different regions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Early bilinguals are more likely to acquire native-like pronunciation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Late bilinguals rely more on explicit learning, such as studying grammar rules, while early bilinguals acquire language naturally (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stronger first language influence on pronunciation and grammar (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Using a word from the first language with an incorrect meaning in the second language (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Higher frequency of exposure to linguistic structures increases the likelihood of acquisition (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It involves multiple factors, such as fluency, frequency of use, and context of language acquisition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Not all individuals in language contact situations become bilingual (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bilingualism is complex and cannot be reduced to a single definition (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Simultaneous bilinguals acquire two languages from early childhood, while sequential bilinguals learn an L2 after L1 is established (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acquiring a second language without losing competence in the first (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When a minority language speaker learns the dominant language, leading to a decline in L1 skills (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Receptive bilinguals understand a second language but have difficulty speaking it (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They have separate linguistic systems for each language (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It enhances cross-cultural competence and marketability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a coherent and consistent process throughout adulthood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is formed through social relationships and interactions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A new, hybrid identity that integrates elements from multiple cultures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>As a tangible entity that can be found and displayed (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Social forces influence language and identity development (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Meadian identity is multiple and evolving, while Eriksonian identity is stable (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>L1 acquisition occurs within a biological window, while L2 acquisition varies based on individual factors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Age (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allows younger learners to acquire languages more intuitively (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There is a limited time frame in which language learning is most effective (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Language recovery and acquisition become significantly more difficult (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Johnson &amp; Newport (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There is a strict deadline after which native-like proficiency is impossible (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Studies showing younger learners outperform adults in language tasks (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The learners' backgrounds and learning priorities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adapting instruction to fit individual learner needs is crucial (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It fails to consider different learners' goals and contexts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All learners are equally motivated by the same factors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Incremental progress over time is essential for mastery (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Extraversion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It encourages risk-taking and active participation in communication (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Age of arrival in a country negatively correlates with language proficiency (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Overreliance on guessing without accuracy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Although more difficult, near-native proficiency can be achieved after the critical period (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It increases language-related anxiety and fear of mistakes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Greater neuroplasticity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neuroplasticity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Openness to Experience (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They tend to foster positive relationships and cooperation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduced working memory capacity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Some adult learners achieve near-native proficiency, contradicting strict interpretations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Big Five personality traits (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It yields results that are often inconsistent and unclear (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>More developed cognitive strategies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Social skills and cultural adaptability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It provides motivation and interaction opportunities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Higher literacy skills improve reading comprehension in L2 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>L2 acquisition needs comprehensible input just above the learner's level (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The specialization of brain hemispheres for language processing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It aids first language acquisition by providing structured input (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both languages must be integrated from early caregivers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Greater willingness to take risks in speaking (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The amount of exposure to each language (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Handwriting style (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Frequent exposure and interaction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It may reduce exposure to the heritage language (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Some late learners achieve native-like proficiency (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased cognitive flexibility and reliance on explicit learning strategies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It leads to dropping grammatical features such as tense markers or function words (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Predicting learner difficulties based on differences between L1 and L2 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Speaking with a foreign accent due to influence from the first language (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Emotional states such as anxiety can block language acquisition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It emphasizes strengthening associations between stimuli and responses (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Successive bilinguals acquire one language first and the second later (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>L2 learners often receive input that is less frequent and less rich than L1 learners (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Applying a rule too broadly, such as treating irregular verbs as regular (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exposure to reading and writing in both languages (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Providing input, feedback, and opportunities for negotiation of meaning (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Explicit instruction focusing on grammar and text structure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Skills in one language can transfer to another, depending on writing system similarities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The influence of one language on another in pronunciation, syntax, or vocabulary (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They often rely on their first language for structure. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By training the brain to manage two linguistic systems. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bilinguals may favor their first language for emotional expression. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Language skills are developed through real-life interactions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Consistent exposure enhances language proficiency. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Communicative instructional settings. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both types of bilingualism offer cognitive advantages. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To analyze classroom interactions and practices. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Early bilinguals have developmental mixing while late bilinguals face interference from L1. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increase exposure and use immersive learning. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attention switching. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Providing corrections to learners' errors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Structure-based settings focus on systematic grammar and vocabulary. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Directly stating what is incorrect and providing the correct form (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reformulating a student's incorrect sentence without directly pointing out the mistake (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Students may not notice the correction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prompting students to self-correct their mistakes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Encouraging learners to reflect on grammar rules without providing the correct form (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Explicit language-focused exchanges led to the most learner modifications (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Explicit corrective feedback is more effective than recasts in both oral and written forms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Display and referential questions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A question where the teacher already knows the answer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A question where the teacher does not know the answer in advance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Teachers used more display questions than referential questions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Longer wait times lead to more complex student responses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A qualitative approach to observing teaching and learning in natural settings (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Differences between home and school language use affected student success (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Group membership and the emotional significance attached to it (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The process of learning cultural and social norms through language (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Investment in learning and using both languages (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Difficulty integrating into social structures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased cultural adaptability and psychological well-being (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Discomfort due to a power reversal between children and parents (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is used as a tool for negotiating identity in different social contexts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The integration of multiple linguistic resources in communication (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It reflects a person's motivation to integrate into a language community (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can marginalize minority language speakers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To address social inequalities in education through inclusive learning strategies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Social interaction and power structures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It involves continuous adaptation and interaction with different cultural and linguistic influences (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It determines how individuals relate to and integrate into multiple cultural groups (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They shape self-perception and influence engagement with new linguistic and cultural communities (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

L1 acquisition occurs within a critical biological window, while L2 varies by individual factors.

Factors such as age influence how effectively someone learns a second language.

Neuroplasticity enables younger learners to acquire language more intuitively.

The hypothesis proposes there is a limited timeframe for effective language learning.

Post-critical period, language acquisition becomes significantly more challenging.

Research shows brain plasticity declines after puberty, affecting language learning.

Suggests a strict deadline for achieving native-like proficiency after a certain age.

Certain studies show that language learning ability declines post-puberty.

A set of traits, attitudes, and behaviors that distinguish one individual from another.

They help explain why learners attain different levels of success in L2 acquisition.

Handwriting style is not considered an individual difference in SLA.

Personality factors contribute to motivation and strategy choices in language learning.

Cognitive, Psychoanalytic, and Learning approaches are the three major approaches to personality.

Focuses on early childhood experiences and unconscious processes in personality.

Views personality as a result of reinforcement and experiences.

Emphasizes personal growth and self-actualization in personality development.

Type theories classify individuals into distinct categories, while trait theories place individuals on a continuum.

Extraverts gain energy from social interactions, while introverts gain energy from solitude.

The fourth dichotomy is Judging–Perceiving in MBTI.

Aims to measure psychological preferences in perceiving the world and making decisions.

It lacks strong scientific validation according to major critics.

The five traits are Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism.

Describes being imaginative and open to new experiences in the Big Five.

It claims that near-native proficiency is possible after the critical period, though harder.

Based on group membership and emotional significance.

Learning cultural and social norms through language.

Language proficiency negatively correlates with the age of arrival in a new country.

Investment in learning and using both languages.

Doesn't consider motivation or different educational backgrounds in learning.

Maturation affects language learning without strict start or end times.

Can lead to difficulty integrating into social structures.

Older learners often have reduced working memory capacity.

Increases cultural adaptability and psychological well-being.

Adults have more developed cognitive strategies for learning languages.

Bilingual children may feel discomfort due to power reversal with parents.

Frequent exposure and interaction enhances language learning at any age.

A tool for negotiating identity in different social contexts.

Social environments enhance motivation and opportunities for interaction.

Promotes the integration of multiple linguistic resources in communication.

Reflects motivation to integrate into a language community.

Higher literacy skills improve reading comprehension in a second language.

High motivation can lead to greater willingness to take risks in speaking.

Can marginalize minority language speakers.

Addresses social inequalities in education through inclusive learning strategies.

The specialization of brain hemispheres in language processing.

The process where a second language may be lost or forgotten over time.

Involves adaptation and interaction with cultural influences.

Determines relations in multiple cultural groups.

Motivation and immersion help adult learners offset age-related declines.

Shape self-perception and engagement with new communities.

Acquisition of two languages from birth or early childhood.

Different learners may focus on aspects like communication, accuracy, or culture.

All learners should strive for fluency similar to native speakers.

Instruction should be tailored to learners' specific needs, there is no one best method.

Language learning requires time and gradual progress.

Motivation plays a crucial role in the success of language learning, contrary to some beliefs.

L2 learners often receive less frequent and less rich input compared to L1 learners.

Adult L2 learners face decreased cognitive flexibility and rely more on explicit learning strategies than children.

Simultaneous bilinguals learn two languages at the same time, while successive bilinguals learn one after the other.

Overgeneralization in L2 acquisition occurs when a learner applies a grammatical rule too broadly, like treating irregular verbs as regular.

Simplification leads to L2 learners dropping grammatical features like tense markers or function words.

Linguistic interference involves the influence of one language on another, affecting pronunciation, syntax, or vocabulary.

Phonological interference is when a speaker has a foreign accent due to their first language.

Contrastive Analysis (CA) predicts learner difficulties based on the differences between L1 and L2.

Connectionism explains language learning by emphasizing the strengthening of associations between stimuli and responses.

Krashen’s Affective Filter Hypothesis states that emotional states like anxiety can block language acquisition.

According to the Monitor Model, SLA requires comprehensible input that is slightly above the learner's current level.

The primary function of interaction in language learning is to provide input, feedback, and opportunities for negotiation of meaning.

Foreigner talk simplifies speech when addressing non-native speakers, aiding understanding.

Written input is important for literacy development as it exposes learners to vocabulary and grammar in structured contexts.

Crosslinguistic influence means skills in one language can transfer to another depending on writing system similarities.

The tendency for a person's first language to influence their second language acquisition.

Combining elements of two languages in speech or writing, often seen in bilinguals.

Bilinguals may prefer to express emotions in their first language.

Bilingualism improves cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills by managing two languages.

Exposure and consistent use of both languages improve proficiency in bilinguals.

Late bilinguals may achieve fluency but often rely on L1 for structure and pronunciation.

Bilingualism enhances attention switching, impulse control, and multitasking abilities.

Both early and late bilingualism provide distinct cognitive, social, and professional benefits.

Increased exposure, immersion, and strategic learning enhance L2 proficiency for late bilinguals.

Language is learned through real-life interactions without formal instruction.

A method where grammar and vocabulary are taught systematically in isolated steps.

These settings emphasize using language in meaningful contexts through interaction.

Analyzes classroom interactions and teaching practices for language learning.

Responses to learner errors designed to facilitate improvement in language skills.

The COLT Scheme comprises teaching practices and language use analysis.

Using a word from the first language with an incorrect meaning in the second language.

Higher frequency of exposure to linguistic structures increases the likelihood of acquisition.

Bilingualism involves multiple factors, such as fluency, frequency of use, and context of acquisition.

Not all individuals in language contact situations become bilingual.

Bilingualism is complex and cannot be reduced to a single definition.

Simultaneous bilinguals learn two languages from early childhood; sequential bilinguals learn L2 after L1.

Acquiring a second language without losing competence in the first.

When a minority language speaker learns the dominant language, leading to a decline in L1 skills.

Receptive bilinguals understand a second language but have difficulty speaking it.

They have separate linguistic systems for each language.

It enhances cross-cultural competence and marketability.

Identity is a coherent and consistent process throughout adulthood.

Identity is formed through social relationships and interactions.

A new, hybrid identity that integrates elements from multiple cultures.

Meadian identity is multiple and evolving; Eriksonian identity is stable.

Learning a second language after early childhood, typically as an adult.

The belief that bilingualism causes language delays in children.

Bilingual children develop separate language systems and perform well compared to monolinguals.

Both early and late bilinguals go through identifiable stages when learning languages.

The amount and quality of language exposure impact development for both early and late bilinguals.

Bilingualism improves memory, attention, and problem-solving skills.

The ability to reflect on and manipulate language structures.

Bilinguals have better task-switching and attention management skills.

Bilinguals express cultural identity through their languages.

Languages may evoke different emotions and attitudes, shaping identity.

The theory stating an optimal window for language acquisition exists in early childhood.

Early bilinguals show higher brain plasticity, aiding seamless language integration.

Early bilinguals are more likely to acquire native-like pronunciation than late bilinguals.

Late bilinguals often use explicit learning (grammar rules), while early bilinguals acquire language more naturally.

Directly stating what is incorrect and providing the correct form.

Reformulating a student's incorrect sentence without directly pointing out the mistake.

Students may not notice the correction.

Prompting students to self-correct their mistakes.

Encouraging learners to reflect on grammar rules without providing the correct form.

Explicit language-focused exchanges lead to the most learner modifications.

Explicit corrective feedback is more effective than recasts in both oral and written forms.

Open and closed questions.

A question where the teacher already knows the answer.

A question where the teacher does not know the answer in advance.

Teachers used more display questions than referential questions.

Longer wait times lead to more complex student responses.

A qualitative approach to observing teaching and learning in natural settings.

The ability to use language appropriately in social and cultural contexts.

Understanding how to convey and interpret meaning in social interactions.

A Big Five trait associated with social confidence and energy.

It encourages risk-taking and active participation in communication.

Extraverts may over-rely on guessing and lack attention to accuracy.

It contributes to language anxiety and fear of making mistakes.

Individuals tend to build strong relationships and cooperate in language learning.

It measures the Big Five personality traits.

Findings are often inconsistent and results inconclusive.

The linguistic forms to which learners are exposed.

Necessary for L2 acquisition as proposed by Krashen.

L1 occurs naturally with exposure; L2 requires active processing of input.

Input adjusted during conversation through negotiation and interaction.

Helps children acquire their first language by providing structured input.

L2 acquisition occurs with comprehensible input slightly above the learner's level.

Influenced by the amount of exposure to each language.