Psychology Chapter 23-25 . on Motivation

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Questions and Answers

What does the behavioral component of emotion encompass?

Immediate outward expressions in response to emotions (correct)

Voluntary actions that are socially accepted

Cognitive interpretations of feelings

Long-term emotional changes

Which of the following is not considered a universal emotion according to universal emotion theory?

Anger

Loneliness (correct)

Surprise

Happiness

How does empathy serve as an adaptive function in social interactions?

It allows for emotional connection with others (correct)

It reduces emotional expression

It functions independently of emotions

It fosters emotional detachment

According to the James-Lange theory, how are emotions generated?

By the interpretation of physiological arousal Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion?

Both physiological arousal and subjective emotion occur together Signup and view all the answers

In Paul Ekman's experiments, what was the outcome regarding facial expressions?

Emotions were identified consistently across different cultures Signup and view all the answers

What role do emotions play in encouraging social behavior?

They foster predictable and socially acceptable behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which component of emotion is associated with physiological changes like heart rate and sweating?

Physiological component Signup and view all the answers

What do drives, such as hunger, primarily prompt organisms to do?

Fulfill needs and restore homeostasis Signup and view all the answers

Which theory suggests that behavior is motivated by the expectation of achieving a desired outcome?

Expectancy Theory Signup and view all the answers

In the context of intrinsic motivation, what primarily drives an individual's behavior?

Internal rewards such as enjoyment Signup and view all the answers

What does the incentive theory of motivation emphasize?

The pursuit of external rewards and incentives Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of 'valence' in expectancy theory refer to?

The value placed on the outcome of an action Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes intrinsic motivation?

Motivation arising from enjoyment or personal satisfaction Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of an instinct?

An innate, fixed pattern of behavior Signup and view all the answers

How does Maslow's hierarchy of needs influence motivation?

By prioritizing lower needs before higher needs are addressed Signup and view all the answers

What component of emotion involves thoughts and evaluations related to the emotional experience?

Cognitive component Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes a drive?

It is an internal state that motivates an organism to fulfill a need. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Yerkes-Dodson law illustrate about arousal and performance?

Performance is maximized at an optimal level of arousal. Signup and view all the answers

The drive reduction theory is primarily focused on restoring what?

Homeostasis to achieve physiological balance. Signup and view all the answers

Which psychological need relates to the desire for social relationships?

Need for affiliation Signup and view all the answers

How are instincts characterized in terms of complexity?

More complex than reflexes, involving innate behavioral patterns. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a biological need that creates a drive?

Hunger due to low glucose levels Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary motivation behind the need for achievement?

Improving upon past performance and attaining accomplishments Signup and view all the answers

What are the two factors that produce emotions according to the Schachter-Singer theory?

Physiological arousal and cognitive appraisal Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following emotions is NOT typically associated with the amygdala?

Happiness Signup and view all the answers

What does the hypothalamus control that contributes to the physiological aspects of emotions?

Hormonal release Signup and view all the answers

How does the Schachter-Singer theory address a limitation of the James-Lange theory?

By linking emotions to a combination of physiological arousal and cognitive appraisal Signup and view all the answers

What role does the amygdala play in the experience of emotion?

Facilitating emotional memories and fear conditioning Signup and view all the answers

Which theory contrasts with the Schachter-Singer theory but focuses solely on physiological responses first to elicit emotions?

James-Lange theory Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of the limbic system in relation to emotions?

Coordinating emotional responses and motivations Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the emotional experience is inaccurate?

Cognitive appraisal is irrelevant to the emotional experience. Signup and view all the answers

What is the affective component of an attitude?

It involves positive or negative feelings about something. Signup and view all the answers

How do roles influence attitudes according to social psychology?

Roles can lead to behavioral changes that influence attitudes. Signup and view all the answers

What was a key finding of the Stanford prison experiment regarding participants in the role of guard?

They showed increased hostility towards the prisoners over time. Signup and view all the answers

What is the behavioral component of an attitude primarily concerned with?

The actions a person takes regarding something. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes persuasion in the context of attitudes?

Convincing individuals to change their attitudes or behaviors. Signup and view all the answers

What does the cognitive component of an attitude refer to?

The beliefs a person holds about something. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor led to the premature termination of the Stanford prison experiment?

Increased hostility that raised concerns for participants' safety. Signup and view all the answers

Which component of attitude is likely to lead to direct actions such as voting?

Behavioral component Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Motivation

Motivation is the force that pushes individuals towards achieving a goal.
Instinct: An innate, fixed pattern of behavior not shaped by experience. Example: Sea turtles instinctively move towards the ocean.
Drive: An internal state prompted by a biological need (e.g., hunger) to restore homeostasis.
Arousal Theory: Individuals are motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal.
- Yerkes-Dodson Law: Performance peaks at an optimal level of arousal; too much or too little arousal decreases performance.
Needs: Psychological needs influence motivation.
- Need for Power: Desire to influence others.
- Need for Affiliation: Desire for positive social interactions.
- Need for Achievement: Desire to improve past performance and achieve goals.

Theories of Motivation

Drive Reduction Theory: Motivation arises from disrupting homeostasis (physiological balance). It prompts behavior to restore this balance.
Incentive Theory: Motivation is driven by external rewards or pressures and biological drives (extrinsic motivation) or internal rewards (intrinsic motivation).
Expectancy Theory: Motivation is based on expected outcomes of behavior.
- Expectancy: Belief in achieving a desired outcome.
- Instrumentality: Belief in control over the desired outcome.
- Valence: Value assigned to the desired outcome.
Hierarchy of Needs (Maslow): Humans are motivated by a hierarchy of needs, starting with basic survival needs and moving towards self-actualization.

Components of Emotion

Cognitive: Mental processes associated with emotion (e.g., thoughts, evaluation of the situation).
Behavioral: Outward expression of emotion, often involuntary (e.g., smiling, gasping).
Physiological: Body's response to emotion (e.g., increased heart rate, sweating).

Theories of Emotion

James-Lange Theory: Physiological responses directly cause emotions.
Cannon-Bard Theory: Physiological arousal and emotion occur simultaneously.
Schachter-Singer Theory: Physiological arousal followed by its cognitive interpretation leads to emotion.

The Biological Underpinnings of Emotion

The limbic system is a network of brain areas associated with emotion, memory, and motivation.
Amygdala: Involved in fear, aggression, and emotional memory formation.
Hypothalamus: Releases hormones and controls the pituitary gland, influencing the physiological component of emotion by controlling the autonomic nervous system.

Attitudes and Behavior

Attitude: An individual's evaluation of or inclination towards something (positive, negative, or neutral).
Attitude Components:
- Affective: Feelings about something (e.g., excitement, anger).
- Cognitive: Beliefs and opinions about something.
- Behavioral: Actions towards something.
Role: Expected behaviors associated with a particular social status.
Influence of Behavior on Attitudes: Behaviors aligned with social roles can shape one's attitudes.
Persuasion: Convincing people to change attitudes or behaviors.

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Description

This quiz explores various concepts and theories related to motivation, including instinct, drive, arousal theory, and psychological needs. Test your understanding of how these elements influence human behavior and performance. Dive into core theories like Drive Reduction Theory and the Yerkes-Dodson Law to assess your knowledge.