Psychology Chapter on Motivation

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes the core concept of motivation?

The emotional regulation of our internal moods

The cognitive processes involved in problem-solving

The physiological responses to external stimuli

The driving force behind our actions and behaviors (correct)

According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, what is the first level of needs that must be fulfilled?

Love and belonging needs

Physiological needs (correct)

Safety needs

Esteem needs

Which theory suggests that motivation arises from the desire to reduce internal tension caused by unmet needs?

Incentive theory

Drive-reduction theory (correct)

Self-determination theory

Expectancy theory

What is the overjustification effect?

The reduction of intrinsic motivation when extrinsic rewards are given (B) Signup and view all the answers

How is 'eustress' best defined?

A positive stress response (A) Signup and view all the answers

What does Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) describe?

The body's response to acute and chronic stress (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a psychophysiological disorder?

Hypertension (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which coping strategy is aimed at directly addressing the source of the stress?

Problem-focused coping (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinction between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation?

Intrinsic motivation is driven by personal satisfaction, while extrinsic motivation is driven by external rewards. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best exemplifies an intrinsically motivated behavior?

Volunteering at a shelter because it's personally rewarding. (B) Signup and view all the answers

How does the learning environment influence intrinsic motivation among students?

Classrooms offering autonomy and respect foster higher intrinsic motivation. (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to incentive theory, what primarily drives human behavior?

Desire to gain rewards and avoid punishments. (B) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of overjustification, what was the key finding of the study involving university students and activities like solving puzzles and writing headlines?

Students who were not paid were more likely to continue the activities after the experiment. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which is generally considered to have a more negative impact on intrinsic motivation, physical or verbal reinforcement?

Physical, because it can lead to dependence on extrinsic rewards (C) Signup and view all the answers

What can enhance intrinsic motivation in learning environments?

Providing challenging, yet doable, activities with rationale. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What does the example of Odessa, the baker, illustrate?

How extrinsic rewards can diminish intrinsic motivation (overjustification). (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes operant conditioning?

Reinforcement increases behavior and punishment decreases it. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key element that promotes intrinsic motivation?

A sense of personal satisfaction and enjoyment. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key finding about verbal reinforcements, such as praise?

They can increase intrinsic motivation. (A) Signup and view all the answers

In the comparison between Hakim’s Family Law and Criminal Law courses, what is the main difference in terms of motivational impact?

The Family Law course relies on teacher-controlled evaluations, undermining intrinsic interest. (A) Signup and view all the answers

If a student studies hard to satisfy their parents' expectations, what type of motivation are they demonstrating?

Extrinsic motivation, because it is driven by external demands. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the most fitting conclusion one can make about motivation?

It is often a mix of internal and external factors. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of an expected extrinsic motivator on intrinsic motivation?

Expected extrinsic motivators tend to reduce intrinsic motivation. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What effect does unexpected extrinsic motivation tend to have on intrinsic motivation?

Unexpected extrinsic motivation tends to allow intrinsic motivation to persist. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT identified as a factor influencing the effectiveness of extrinsic motivators?

Physical health (A) Signup and view all the answers

In collectivistic cultures, what is the typical focus of motivation?

Group well-being and collective goals. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of motivational interviewing (MI)?

To elicit and emphasize a client's personal motivation for behavior change. (C) Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided information, what is NOT a core principle of motivational interviewing?

Provide Specific Advice (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does the phrase 'Yes, but...' often indicate when used by a client during motivational interviewing?

Ambivalence and a personal roadblock to making change. (C) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of motivational interviewing, how should a nurse respond to a client's resistance?

Adjust to the resistance and focus on validating the client's feelings. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key element in supporting self-efficacy during motivational interviewing?

Asking clients to elaborate on past successes. (A) Signup and view all the answers

A client is feeling unsure about making changes to their diet, what stage of change are they most likely experiencing according to the provided information?

Contemplation (D) Signup and view all the answers

What does the spirit of motivational interviewing emphasize?

A collaborative partnership between nurses and clients. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest about the effect of praise as a motivator for people with high self-esteem?

Praise may have less effect on people with high self-esteem. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a client demonstrating resistance during motivational interviewing as described in the text?

Avoiding eye contact and appearing distracted. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What should a nurse do instead of providing direct advice during motivational interviewing?

Present factual information which may implicitly guide the client. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Based on the information provided, why is it important to understand a client's 'but' statement in motivational interviewing?

It reveals the client's personal roadblock to change. (D) Signup and view all the answers

In the conversation, what does the nurse initially use to acknowledge the client's feelings?

Reflective listening (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the nurse in the latter part of the conversation regarding the client's drinking?

Emphasizing the client's autonomy and health goals (D) Signup and view all the answers

According to drive theory, what is the role of homeostasis in motivation?

It directs behavior to maintain balance within biological systems. (A) Signup and view all the answers

If a person has a habit according to drive theory, what does that imply?

The person is more likely to repeat the behavior that reduced a drive in the past (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided content, what does arousal theory emphasize?

There is an optimal level of arousal that individuals try to maintain. (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to arousal theory, what is likely to happen when someone is overaroused?

They will engage in behaviors to reduce their arousal. (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided content, what is true of an optimal level of arousal?

Moderate arousal usually leads to the best performance. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What does Yerkes-Dodson law explain about the relationship between arousal and performance?

The optimal level of arousal differs based on task complexity and difficulty. (B) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of drive theory, what is the relationship between hunger and eating?

Hunger is a physical need which results in a psychological drive that leads to eating. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a control center in a body system?

To provide correction to any perceived imbalance detected by receptors. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of homeostasis refer to?

A tendency to maintain an optimal level within a biological system. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of 'rolling with resistance' refer to in the nurse's interaction with the client?

Acknowledging the client’s view without direct confrontation, and then moving the conversation forward (B) Signup and view all the answers

Based on the text, which of the following best describes the relationship between a physiological need and a psychological drive?

A physiological need results in a corresponding psychological drive. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following would result in seeking stimulation according to arousal theory?

A state of underarousal (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the core aspect that is central to both the drive theory and arousal theory?

The importance of maintaining a balanced state, whether through homeostasis or optimal arousal. (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, what is the relationship between arousal levels and task performance?

Simple tasks are performed best with higher arousal levels, while complex tasks are best with lower arousal levels. (A) Signup and view all the answers

In Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, which needs are considered the most fundamental and must be satisfied before higher-level needs can be addressed?

Physiological needs, such as food, water, and shelter. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept of 'self-actualization' as described by Maslow?

The process of achieving one's full potential and inner fulfillment, which he considered an ongoing process. (A) Signup and view all the answers

According to Maslow’s hierarchy, if an individual is primarily focused on securing food and shelter, which of the following needs are unlikely to be of immediate concern?

The need for self-respect and confidence. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a criticism of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs mentioned in the text?

Its subjective nature and lack of ability to account for real-world phenomena. (D) Signup and view all the answers

How might Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs be applied in a healthcare setting?

By prioritizing patient care regarding their physcial needs before addressing the psychological needs. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of 'self-transcendence' imply according to Maslow’s later work?

The desire to move beyond personal concerns to find meaning in something larger than oneself. (A) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of providing care, what does implementing fall precautions primarily address within Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

Safety needs, by ensuring the patient's physical security. (B) Signup and view all the answers

How can a healthcare worker foster feelings of self-esteem in patients according to the text?

By respecting patient's belongings and preferences for grooming, bathing and meals. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What could promote a feeling of self-actualization in a healthcare worker?

By being held accountable for their actions and job responsibilities. (C) Signup and view all the answers

How can a healthcare worker foster a feeling of belongingness in patients?

By interacting with patients as fellow human beings and asking about their interests. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What best defines the idea of stress according to the provided text?

A dynamic condition that occurs when a person is faced with an opportunity, constraint or demand that is important and the outcome is uncertain. (C) Signup and view all the answers

How do individual perceptions affect the experience of stress?

The same task could be seen as stressful by someone and as exciting by someone else. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about the prevalence of stress?

Stress has been on the rise over the past few years and is very common. (A) Signup and view all the answers

According to the graph mentioned in the text, what is the relationship between arousal and performance quality for easy and difficult tasks?

Easy tasks perform better at slightly higher arousal levels than difficult tasks. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the pie chart indicates an increase in stress levels over the past 5 years?

44% (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following situations exemplifies an acute stressor?

Breaking a leg from falling on an icy sidewalk (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to the information, what are the two necessary conditions for potential stress to become actual stress?

Constraints and demands (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is eustress as described in the context of life changes?

Positive stress that results from desirable events (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which demographic groups report a greater number of traumatic events, according to the information provided?

Men and individuals in lower socioeconomic status groups (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of chronic stressor?

Caring for a family member with a long-term illness (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which life event is NOT considered among those by Holmes and Rahe on the Social Readjustment Rating Scale?

Winning a lottery (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of accumulating a high number of life change units within a short period?

Higher risk of developing physical illnesses and mental health problems (D) Signup and view all the answers

In what situation might stress be considered a positive force?

When it motivates someone to perform their best (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key aspect of a stressor?

It can involve both traumatic events and daily hassles. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'constraints' refer to in the context of stress?

Forces preventing a person from achieving desired outcomes (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of stressor is characterized by brief events that can feel overwhelming even after the event has passed?

Acute stressors (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about stress is correct?

Stress can have both negative and positive effects. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What primarily characterizes job burnout?

Diminished personal accomplishment (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these best describes caregiver burnout?

A state of physical, emotional, and mental exhaustion (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is often a significant risk factor for developing caregiver stress?

Being a woman (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the first stage in Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome?

Alarm (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible outcome of prolonged exposure to stress?

Physical damage to the body (B) Signup and view all the answers

The fight-or-flight response primarily involves which of the following?

Increased hormone release (C) Signup and view all the answers

How does the body respond during the alarm stage of stress?

Through physical reactions like elevated blood pressure (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is commonly associated with stress?

Heightened anxiety and forgetfulness (D) Signup and view all the answers

What describes the resistance stage of Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome?

Preparation to resist ongoing threats (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common behavioral symptom of stress?

Hostility and verbal outbursts (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a typical emotional reaction to chronic stress?

Feelings of powerlessness (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about chronic stress is true?

It can lead to both anxiety and depression. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What role does social context play in stress response?

It can amplify feelings of threat and panic. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cognitive symptom of stress?

Constant worrying (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a physical symptom of stress?

Frequent colds and infections (C) Signup and view all the answers

What emotional symptom may result from prolonged stress?

Feeling overwhelmed (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following behaviors is NOT typically associated with stress?

Increased exercise (D) Signup and view all the answers

Chronic stress can lead to which type of disorder?

Psychophysiological disorders (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily released in response to stress?

Cortisol (C) Signup and view all the answers

How can stress affect the immune system?

It can cause immunosuppression (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of chronic exposure to stress hormones?

Increased risk of heart disease (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which autoimmune disease affects the joints?

Rheumatoid arthritis (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which behavior may indicate stress-related behavioral symptoms?

Avoiding social interactions (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following descriptions fits psychophysiological disorders?

Real symptoms caused by psychological factors (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common respiratory disorder exacerbated by stress?

Asthma (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a likely consequence of a weakened immune system due to stress?

Decreased energy (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which physical symptom is most likely associated with long-term stress?

Frequent headaches (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary criticism of the SRRS scale?

It does not consider personal appraisals of life events. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of stress is most strongly associated with poor mental health outcomes according to the available evidence?

Undesirable life events (D) Signup and view all the answers

What do researchers suggest is a better predictor of physical and psychological health than life change events?

The frequency of daily hassles (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which occupation is generally considered to have higher stress levels due to its demanding nature?

Firefighter (A) Signup and view all the answers

What common factors contribute to chronic occupational stress?

Heavy workload and low control (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of taking deep breaths when feeling stressed?

Helps muscles relax (D) Signup and view all the answers

What are the three dimensions of job burnout?

Exhaustion, depersonalization, reduced personal accomplishment (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is recommended to take care of your body in stress management?

Get enough sleep (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a significant consequence of job strain?

Higher likelihood of illness (C) Signup and view all the answers

What role does physical activity play in managing stress according to the guidelines provided?

It helps improve mood (C) Signup and view all the answers

How can minor daily hassles affect an individual?

They can negatively influence emotional well-being. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an unhealthy way to deal with stress?

Regular exercise (C) Signup and view all the answers

What impact does social media stress have, particularly on adolescents?

It can cause loss of sleep due to physiological stress responses. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is an effective relaxation technique that can be taught to patients?

Practicing deep breathing (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is one example of an unpleasant occupational stressor?

Exposure to loud noise (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is often a result of chronic occupational stress?

Job burnout (C) Signup and view all the answers

How can having a peaceful sleeping environment affect stress levels?

Promotes restful sleep (A) Signup and view all the answers

In what kind of work environments is job strain most likely to occur?

Low-status jobs with little control (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is one suggested activity to help a patient deal with stress?

Encourage activities like reading or music (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is commonly advised against when managing stress?

Using drugs or alcohol (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding stressors?

Stressors can include both major events and daily irritations. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What role does personal appraisal play in stress?

It determines the categorization of stressors as positive or negative. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is toxic stress primarily characterized by?

Chronic, excessive stress without supportive caregiving (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a consequence of excessive cortisol levels in children?

Development of physical and emotional symptoms (C) Signup and view all the answers

What defines positive stress in children?

Mild to moderate stress with adult support (B) Signup and view all the answers

How is tolerable stress different from toxic stress?

Tolerable stress is less intense but still manageable (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of psychoneuroimmunology?

The relationship between psychological factors and the immune system (A) Signup and view all the answers

What impact does perceived discrimination have on marginalized groups?

It is linked to various mental and physical health issues (C) Signup and view all the answers

How can classical conditioning impact immune responses according to research?

It can condition an aversion to certain stimuli that affect immunity (D) Signup and view all the answers

What does the resistance stage of stress response involve?

Chronic stress with heightened reactivity (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential outcome of civil rights legislation?

Reduction of apparent discrimination in some contexts (D) Signup and view all the answers

What role do stress hormones play in affecting the immune system?

They inhibit the production of lymphocytes (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which group showed poorer antibody response to an influenza vaccination?

Older volunteers caring for a spouse with Alzheimer's disease (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a risk associated with chronic stress due to discrimination?

Higher chances of mental health issues like depression (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best captures the nature of toxic stress?

Long-term harm resulting from unmanageable stressors (A) Signup and view all the answers

What type of stress can actually benefit child development?

Normal, everyday stress thats manageable (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is NOT associated with weakened immune functioning?

Consistent exercise (C) Signup and view all the answers

What can serve as a buffer against the negative impacts of perceived discrimination?

Healthy coping strategies and social support (A) Signup and view all the answers

What physiological connection exists between the nervous system and the immune system?

The sympathetic nervous system innervates immune organs (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a positive stressor for children?

Making new friends or a family celebration (C) Signup and view all the answers

In the study of cold viruses, how did chronic stress influence illness outcomes?

A higher percentage of stressed individuals developed colds (D) Signup and view all the answers

What physiological effects does positive stress cause in young children?

Minor, temporary changes in heart rate and hormones (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which group experiences increased vulnerability to health issues due to discrimination?

Stigmatized groups enduring repeated discrimination (D) Signup and view all the answers

What potentially dramatic effect does stress have on wound healing?

It slows down healing by impairing immune responses (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the overall long-term effect of toxic stress on the body?

Diminished physical and mental health over time (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common consequence of long-term stress on the immune system?

Poor or weakened immune function (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a chronic stressor that could affect immune function?

Marital discord (A) Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'psychoneuroimmunology' describe?

A field examining the interaction between mind and immune system (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the studies on stress and immune response linked to a vaccine?

Caring for a spouse with Alzheimer's disease (A) Signup and view all the answers

What type of stressors have been associated with immune function issues in studies?

Chronic stressors and significant life events (D) Signup and view all the answers

What impact does readily available emotional support from friends and family have on women experiencing distress?

It reduces their distress levels. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a long-term effect of chronic toxic stress on children?

Hypersensitivity to stress in the future. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which structure in the brain is most vulnerable to prolonged stress?

Hippocampus (A) Signup and view all the answers

What do adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) include?

Neglect or physical abuse. (A) Signup and view all the answers

How does food insecurity primarily affect children?

It contributes to physical developmental delays. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What role do coping strategies play in managing stress?

They help individuals manage and respond to stress. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by a higher number of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs)?

Higher risk of chronic health conditions. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT a consequence of toxic stress in children?

Decreased cortisol levels. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential effect of chronic stress on children's emotional state?

Increased anxiety and arousal states. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of vigilant antidiscrimination efforts?

To reduce discrimination and its health impacts. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common response to stress in children who experience it chronically?

Diminished attention and memory abilities. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'hyper-arousal of brain stem activity' refer to?

An increase in physiological arousal. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What might be a direct outcome of coping with stress effectively?

Better management of stress-related responses. (C) Signup and view all the answers

How does childhood trauma typically manifest in adulthood?

Through various mental and physical health issues. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What effect does higher perceived control have on emotional and physical reactivity to stressors?

It reduces both emotional and physical reactivity. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is learned helplessness primarily illustrated by in Seligman's experiments?

Dogs failing to escape shocks even when opportunities are given. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What conclusion can be drawn regarding the reformulated learned helplessness model?

It emphasizes attributions that foster learned helplessness. (B) Signup and view all the answers

How did learned helplessness influence the treatment of prisoners post-2001 attacks?

It was used to justify torture techniques for compliance. (D) Signup and view all the answers

How can attribution habits affect vulnerability to depression?

They can contribute to a perception of lack of control. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following attributions would indicate a sense of learned helplessness in a student?

I’m just not smart, and this will never change. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What role does perceived control play in health management?

It helps individuals view their health as controllable. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What may contribute to better health outcomes in affluent individuals?

Belief in personal control over stressors (C) Signup and view all the answers

In longitudinal studies, what was a significant finding among civil servants with low-status jobs?

They developed heart disease more frequently. (B) Signup and view all the answers

How does social support impact an individual's health?

It can enhance immune system performance (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which attribution style is considered to make individuals more vulnerable to depression after negative outcomes?

Internal, global, and stable. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the ethical implications of using learned helplessness in interrogations?

It raises concerns about the treatment of individuals. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which group demonstrated a higher likelihood of higher voting rates?

Those from higher social classes (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a benefit of training in healthy attribution habits?

It reduces vulnerability to several types of stress. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of lacking social and community ties according to longitudinal studies?

Higher likelihood of dying during follow-up (A) Signup and view all the answers

What type of attribution would a student make if they believe their poor exam performance was due to 'just not being smart'?

Internal and stable. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of social support can provide tangible assistance?

Financial help (A) Signup and view all the answers

What does Seligman's learned helplessness theory suggest about negative life events?

They can foster a belief of powerlessness in individuals. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What factor is comparable in effect to strong social relationships on mortality risk?

Quitting smoking (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which finding is linked to higher levels of perceived control in individuals?

Lower incidence of physical health problems. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What can exacerbate feelings of loneliness among college students?

Increased use of social media (A) Signup and view all the answers

What health outcome has been linked to higher levels of social support in breast cancer survivors?

Lower rates of psychological distress (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which animal species has been noted for providing social support during stressful times?

Elephants (D) Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of social support emerged as significant in health research in the 1970s?

Health consequences of social integration (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a form of social support?

Self-reliance (C) Signup and view all the answers

In relation to the common cold, what was discovered through research on sociability?

Higher sociability decreases the likelihood of developing a cold (B) Signup and view all the answers

What helps students build new social support networks in college?

Peer mentoring programs (D) Signup and view all the answers

What psychosocial factor has been strongly linked to health outcomes?

Social support (B) Signup and view all the answers

How does social support affect spouses of cancer patients according to reported studies?

It is linked to better immune functioning. (C) Signup and view all the answers

In stressful situations, participants generally experience lower blood pressure when they are tested with which type of support?

A friend present (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which group of individuals showed decreased blood pressure due to social support during mental arithmetic tasks?

Female participants when supported by males (B) Signup and view all the answers

What beneficial effect does exercise have on stress, as mentioned in the studies?

Reduces physiological effects of stress (C) Signup and view all the answers

The relaxation response technique includes which of the following components?

Repeating a calming phrase (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which psychological technique aims to gain control over involuntary bodily processes?

Biofeedback (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is one reason that social support may lead to improved health behaviors?

It reinforces cooperation with medical regimens. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What negative impact could social support have on health, as suggested by the findings?

Increased feeling of evaluation by peers (D) Signup and view all the answers

What role does physical fitness play in stress according to the studies mentioned?

It enhances resilience to stress. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which physiological mechanism does exercise potentially buffer according to recent studies?

Telomere shortening (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible outcome of the relaxation response technique?

Reduced stress and anxiety (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does social support uniquely contribute to besides immune functioning and stress reduction?

Development of positive health behaviors (A) Signup and view all the answers

What type of exercise was specifically linked to reducing anxiety and depressive symptoms in cancer survivors?

Regular aerobic exercise (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following stress management techniques uses technology for feedback?

Biofeedback (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a coping strategy identified by researchers?

Cognitive dissonance (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which coping style involves directly confronting the problem and taking action to resolve it?

Problem-focused coping (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a step involved in the Shift-and-Persist coping strategy?

Seek help from a therapist (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which coping strategy involves focusing on emotional release and managing feelings rather than addressing the problem directly?

Emotion-focused coping (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor influencing an individual's stress level?

The individual's perception of control over the situation (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the concept of perceived control?

The belief that one can influence outcomes and shape events (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a benefit associated with higher levels of perceived control?

Increased susceptibility to negative emotions (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key element in the Shift-and-Persist coping strategy that involves gaining an outsider's perspective on the stressful situation?

Self-distancing (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a problem-solving or active strategy for coping with stress?

Letting emotions out and getting in touch with feelings (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which coping strategy involves seeking advice or assistance from others to help resolve the problem?

Seeking help (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a good example of a maladaptive coping strategy?

Using alcohol to numb feelings (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of 'seeking understanding' coping strategy?

Finding meaning in a stressful situation (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these strategies is NOT a part of the 'persist' aspect of the Shift-and-Persist coping strategy?

Engaging in emotional regulation (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key element in the Shift-and-Persist coping strategy that helps individuals view the stressful situation from a different perspective?

Self-distancing (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key conclusions about coping as described in the text?

The effectiveness of coping strategies depends on the individual, the context, and the situation (A) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Motivation

Definition: Motivation describes the desires or needs that guide behavior towards a specific goal.
Types:
- Intrinsic: Driven by internal factors like personal satisfaction.
- Extrinsic: Driven by external factors like rewards or punishments.
Intrinsic Motivation Components: Autonomy, mastery, and purpose.
Extrinsic Motivation Components: Compensation, punishment, and rewards.
Classroom Application: Intrinsic motivation is enhanced in classrooms that foster a sense of belonging, respect, and student control over the learning environment. De-emphasizing evaluations and providing challenging yet achievable tasks can also help.
Overjustification Effect: Intrinsic motivation can decrease when extrinsic rewards are introduced for activities already enjoyed.
Examples: Odessa's enjoyment of baking diminished in her free time after being transferred to a bakery job.

Drive Reduction Theories

Homeostasis: The tendency for biological systems to maintain balance.
Concept: Deviations from homeostasis produce physiological needs, which create drive states that guide behavior towards fulfilling those needs and restoring balance.
Example: Hunger arises from low blood sugar, motivating food seeking to restore normal levels.
Arousal Theory: Individuals seek an optimal level of arousal.
- Too low leads to boredom.
- Too high leads to stress reduction efforts.
Optimal Arousal: Moderate arousal usually leads to best performance outcomes.
Yerkes-Dodson Law: Optimal arousal level depends on task complexity. Simple tasks perform best with higher arousal; complex tasks perform best with lower arousal.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Concept: A hierarchy of needs that range from basic physiological needs to the need for self-actualization.
Pyramid Structure:
- Foundation: Physiological needs (food, water, shelter).
- Next level: Security and safety needs.
- Then: Belonging and love needs.
- Above that: Esteem needs (self-worth, confidence).
- Apex: Self-actualization (achieving full potential).
Order of Fulfillment: Lower-level needs must be met before higher-level ones can be addressed.

Stress

Definition: A dynamic condition arising from opportunities, constraints, or demands that are perceived as uncertain and important for the individual.
Eustress: Positive stress that can motivate performance.
Distress: Negative stress that creates strain.
Types of Stressors:
- Acute: Brief focal events (e.g., breaking a leg on an icy sidewalk).
- Chronic: Persistent events (e.g., caring for a parent with dementia).
Stressors Include: Traumatic events, life changes, daily hassles, and occupational stressors.

Stress and the Immune System

Concept: Chronic stress weakens the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to illness.
Psychoneuroimmunology: Studies the interactions between psychological factors, the nervous system, and the immune system.
Stress Hormone Impact: Stress hormones like cortisol can impair the immune system's ability to function effectively.
Stress and Disease Relationship: A connection has been repeatedly shown between stress and weakened immune function, increased risk of illness, and slower wound healing.

Coping Mechanisms

Definition: Efforts to manage demands that exceed one's resources.
Types:
- Problem-focused: Addressing the problem directly.
- Emotion-focused: Managing the emotional response to the problem.
- Avoidance-focused: Avoiding the problem.
Resilience: The ability to adapt and thrive under stress.
Learned Helplessness: A belief that one has no control over a negative life event, possibly leading to depression.

Definition: The soothing impact of social interactions from friends, family, or acquaintances.
Impact: Social support can be crucial in reducing stress and improving physical and mental health.
Mechanism: Social support may boost the immune system and lower blood pressure during stress.
Examples: Advice, encouragement, emotional comfort.

Stress Management Techniques

Exercise: Improves both physical and mental health.
Relaxation Techniques: (e.g., deep breathing).
Biofeedback: Helps individuals gain control over physiological responses to stress.

Cultural Influences

Concept: Culture impacts how individuals perceive and respond to stress.
Examples: Collectivistic cultures may prioritize group needs over individual needs, affecting coping strategies.

Motivational Interviewing

Definition: A communication skill to elicit and emphasize a client’s motivation for behavior change.
Principles:
- Express empathy.
- Highlight discrepancies.
- Adjust to resistance.
- Understand motivations.
- Support self-efficacy.
- Resist the advice reflex.
Application: Useful for clients in the contemplation stage of behavior change.

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Description

This quiz covers key concepts of motivation, including Maslow's hierarchy of needs and various theories that explain human drive. Questions explore intrinsic versus extrinsic motivation and the effects of stress on individuals. Test your understanding of these fundamental psychological principles.