Psychology Chapter on Motivation and Hunger

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Questions and Answers

What characterizes the conditions of being overweight and obese?

Unhealthy body weight and maladaptive eating patterns (correct)

Healthy eating habits

Consistent physical exercise

Positive energy expenditure

What is the essence of positive energy balance?

Energy intake and expenditure are balanced

Caloric intake consistently exceeds energy expenditure (correct)

Caloric intake equals energy expenditure

Energy expenditure is greater than energy intake

Which of the following is NOT one of the main types of eating disorders identified?

Bulimia nervosa

Binge eating disorder (correct)

Anorexia nervosa

Pica

According to self-determination theory (SDT), what is considered a universal motive?

Competence motivation Signup and view all the answers

What does achievement motivation refer to?

The drive to excel and outperform others Signup and view all the answers

What role do emotions play in motivation?

Emotions are integral in influencing both the initiation and persistence of behavior. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following theories suggests that behavior is driven by the desire to reduce internal tension?

Drive theory Signup and view all the answers

What does the humanistic theory of motivation emphasize?

Psychological and cognitive factors that drive personal potential realization. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes energy homeostasis?

It is the long-term process that matches food intake to energy expenditure. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of various chemical messengers in the context of hunger and eating?

To monitor and maintain a stable body weight over time. Signup and view all the answers

What does the facial feedback hypothesis suggest about our emotional experiences?

Expressing emotions can enhance emotional experiences. Signup and view all the answers

According to Schachter and Singer's two-factor theory of emotion, what plays a crucial role in determining emotions?

The cognitive label of arousal combined with physiological arousal. Signup and view all the answers

What does the James-Lange theory of emotion emphasize as a central element of emotional experience?

Bodily responses to emotional stimuli. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of emotions do Schachter and Singer criticize in relation to James-Lange theory?

The assumption that all emotions have unique physiological responses. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the relationship between emotion and bodily feedback according to the discussed theories?

Bodily responses can influence both the intensity and type of emotions. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Motivation

Motivation: refers to the internal and external forces driving an individual to act.
Motivational Theories:
- Instinct theory: Innate behaviors driven by evolutionary programming.
- Drive theory: Individuals are motivated to reduce internal tension from unfulfilled biological needs.
- Incentive theory: External goals drive behavior.
- Arousal theory: Individuals seek optimal levels of arousal.
- Humanistic theory: Emphasizes psychological and cognitive factors, particularly self-actualization.

Hunger and Eating

Hunger is a biological motive, but eating is influenced by biology, social factors, and psychology.
Energy homeostasis: Balancing energy intake and expenditure.
Short-term signals regulate eating, influenced by psychological and physiological factors.
Long-term signals regulate body weight: Leptin, insulin, neuropeptide Y and corticotropin-releasing hormone influence eating behavior and energy expenditure.

Excess Weight and Obesity

BMI is a numerical scale indicating weight relative to height
Consistent excess calorie consumption contributes to overweight and obesity.
Eating disorders involve maladaptive eating behaviors, often involving severe calorie restriction or overeating.
Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are common eating disorders, typically developing in adolescence or early adulthood.

Psychological Needs as Motivators

Maslow's hierarchy of needs: A model suggesting people aim to satisfy needs at each level of the hierarchy before moving to the next.
Self-determination theory (SDT): People strive for personal growth and integration.

Competence and Achievement Motivation

Competence motivation reflects striving to use skills effectively and exercise control.
Achievement motivation is the drive to excel and outperform others.

Emotion

Emotion is a psychological state with three components: subjective experience, a physiological response, and a behavioral/expressive response.
Emotions influence decision-making by shaping perceived goals and their importance.
Darwin observed emotional expressions across species, suggesting their evolutionary significance.
Basic emotions are universally experienced.

Expression of Emotion

Emotion expression includes facial expressions and non-verbal behavior.

Neuroscience of Emotion

The sympathetic nervous system triggers physiological responses associated with intense emotions, such as fear.
The amygdala plays a significant role in fear responses.

Theories of Emotion

The James-Lange theory: Physiological responses are perceived, then labeled as emotions.
- Based on observations of bodily changes influencing emotional experience.

The James-Lange Theory of Emotion

Environmental stimulus triggers bodily changes, which are then perceived as emotion.

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Description

Explore the fascinating theories of motivation and how they relate to hunger and eating behaviors. This quiz covers instinct, drive, incentive, arousal, and humanistic theories, as well as the biological and psychological factors influencing hunger. Test your understanding of energy homeostasis and the signals regulating eating.