Psychology Chapter on Mental Representations
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Questions and Answers

What are propositional codes primarily used to convey?

  • Visual representations of objects
  • Detailed images without verbal form
  • Concrete examples of ideas
  • Abstract concepts or statements (correct)

What does the concept of EPIPHONEMA refer to?

  • Factual information represented verbally
  • Basic cognitive processes in learning
  • Secondary phenomena from core cognitive activities (correct)
  • Precise analogical mental images

Which type of knowledge is associated with the answer to the question 'What'?

  • Practical Knowledge
  • Empirical Knowledge
  • Procedural Knowledge
  • Declarative Knowledge (correct)

In Dual Code Theory, which two types of codes are combined to form mental representations?

<p>Pictorial and verbal codes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of Declarative Knowledge, what is considered a fundamental unit of ideas?

<p>Concept (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of categories in Declarative Knowledge?

<p>They are relatively stable groups. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Propositional Theory primarily focus on?

<p>Step-by-step processes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Declarative Knowledge?

<p>Includes procedural steps (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do prototypes in Declarative Knowledge represent?

<p>Typical representatives or features of a category (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do verbal codes relate to image codes based on the concepts presented?

<p>They can override image codes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main issue with the foreclosure effect in reasoning?

<p>It leads to ignoring alternatives after reaching a conclusion. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does confirmation bias lead individuals to do?

<p>Focus on evidence that supports existing beliefs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of reasoning by analogy?

<p>It involves inferring relationships based on observed pairs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can moods affect deductive reasoning?

<p>Sad moods lead to more detail-focused reasoning. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the associative system in dual-process theory?

<p>It is based on observed similarities and quick judgments. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common error occurs when inductive reasoning is employed?

<p>Identifying one cause without further exploration. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does inductive reasoning play in predicting events?

<p>It reduces uncertainty by allowing general conclusions from specific examples. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a downside of inferring causality from observed patterns?

<p>It can lead to incorrect assumptions about cause and effect. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does language have on perception according to the discussed concepts?

<p>Language influences mental representations and perception. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hypothesis suggests that bilingual individuals activate specific concepts based on the language they hear?

<p>Single System Hypothesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant factor that influences fluency in learning a second language?

<p>The age at which the language is acquired. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did early research incorrectly suggest about learning two languages?

<p>It is harmful to language acquisition. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement reflects the current consensus on linguistic relativity?

<p>Language and thought interact and influence each other. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the Dual System Hypothesis, how do bilingual individuals manage translation?

<p>They engage different systems for each language. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the mastery of native-like pronunciation relate to language acquisition?

<p>It often requires early acquisition, but varies by individual. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key finding regarding vocabulary and fluency in older language learners?

<p>Older participants can acquire vocabulary and fluency just as effectively. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of insightful problem solving according to the Neo-Gestalt View?

<p>Lower accuracy in predicting success (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes one of the processes in the Three Process View of insight?

<p>Selective Encoding (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Functional Fixedness refer to in problem solving?

<p>Inability to recognize an object’s multiple functions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes Selective Comparisons in the context of insight problem solving?

<p>Relating new information creatively to old information (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does Mental Set play in problem solving?

<p>It can limit understanding of a problem's nature (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of problem solving aids, what is Selective Combination?

<p>Using relevant information in novel and creative ways (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of having a Mental Set when approaching new problems?

<p>It may limit insight and solution diversity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can result from the lack of Selective Encoding during problem solving?

<p>Increased focus on irrelevant information (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by unconscious processing in problem-solving?

<p>Continuous mental processing without conscious awareness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes functional fixedness?

<p>An inability to see alternative uses for known items (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which trait is NOT generally associated with creative individuals?

<p>Avoidance of risk (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'directed remembering' refer to in creative problem-solving?

<p>Recalling information under certain limitations or constraints (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does contrary recognition signify in the problem-solving context?

<p>Seeing objects as something other than what they are (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key component of creative problem solving?

<p>Willingness to search harder for solutions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is least likely a characteristic of mental sets?

<p>Creativity in adapting old methods (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do creativity and non-creativity share during the problem-solving process?

<p>Mental processes used to find solutions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is negative transfer in problem-solving?

<p>When the solution to an earlier problem complicates a new problem (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes positive transfer from negative transfer?

<p>Positive transfer is when prior knowledge facilitates solving a new problem. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of incubation in problem-solving?

<p>To allow mental integration of recent stimuli and memories (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do expert problem solvers organize their knowledge?

<p>By focusing on underlying structural similarities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by elaboration of knowledge among experts?

<p>Experts possess large, interconnected units of knowledge. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the reflection on problem-solving process among experts involve?

<p>Matching problems with schemas and contemplating necessary knowledge. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is automatic expert processes in problem-solving?

<p>Rich schemas that enable speedy activation of knowledge. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes creativity in the context of problem-solving?

<p>Finding solutions that are both original and valuable. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Propositional Codes

Abstract concepts or statements conveying meaning without needing visuals or words.

Epiphenomena

Secondary, derivative phenomena resulting from fundamental cognitive processes.

Dual Code Theory

Mental representation using both pictorial and verbal codes.

Propositional Theory

Mental representation using abstract propositions (relationships between objects).

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Declarative Knowledge

Knowing what something is (facts, concepts, categories).

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Procedural Knowledge

Knowing how to do something (steps, processes).

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Concept

Fundamental unit of understanding about the world.

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Category

Groups of concepts with shared features.

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Prototype Theory

Categorizing based on typical examples or prototypes.

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Feature Based Categorization

Categorizing based on features or characteristics.

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Linguistic Determinism

The idea that language shapes how we perceive and think about the world.

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Language's Influence on Thought

Language influences, but doesn't entirely determine, how we think.

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Bilingualism and Age

Learning a second language earlier in life correlates with greater fluency.

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Pronunciation Mastery

Early language acquisition often improves pronunciation, but individual differences exist.

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Bilingualism and Vocabulary

Vocabulary and fluency can be acquired effectively in older adults.

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Single System Hypothesis

A hypothesis suggesting that bilingual individuals activate concepts associated with a word, regardless of the language used to access it.

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Dual System Hypothesis

A hypothesis suggesting separate linguistic systems are used for different languages by bilingual individuals.

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Language and Thought Interaction

The concept that language and thought influence each other throughout one's life.

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Foreclosure Effect

Ignoring alternative solutions or possibilities once a conclusion is made.

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Confirmation Bias

Seeking only evidence that supports current beliefs, ignoring contradictory evidence.

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Discounting Error

Stopping the search for contributing causes after finding a single one.

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Self-fulfilling Prophecy

Expectations influencing events to match those expectations.

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Inductive Reasoning

Using specific observations to reach probable, not certain conclusions.

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Associative System (Dual-Process Theory)

Reasoning based on observed patterns and connections between events.

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Inductive Reasoning Example

Inferring a general relationship from specific observations (e.g., cat paws, horse hooves).

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Inferring Causality

Mistakenly concluding a cause-and-effect relationship from frequent observation of events together.

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Negative Transfer

When solving a previous problem makes learning a new problem harder because you are so used to solving problems in one way.

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Positive Transfer

When solving a previous problem makes learning a new problem easier because the solutions are similar.

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Intentional Transfer

We consciously compare different concepts to see how their underlying structures are similar.

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Incubation

Taking a break from a problem, allowing new ideas to emerge later.

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Expert Knowledge Organization

Experts organize knowledge based on underlying structural similarities, not superficial aspects.

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Expert Elaboration of Knowledge

Experts have large, interconnected, and organized units of knowledge, while novices have smaller, disconnected units.

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Expert Reflection on Problem Solving

Experts carefully analyze a problem, consider what they know, and plan their approach.

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Automatic Expert Processes

Experts use automatic processes to quickly solve problems, often without conscious thought.

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Unconscious Processing

Mental activity that happens without conscious awareness, like 'marinating' on a problem.

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Mental Set

A tendency to approach problems in the same way, even if it's not effective.

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Functional Fixedness

The inability to see new uses for objects beyond their typical function, hindering creativity.

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Stereotypes

Beliefs about a group of people that are often inaccurate or oversimplified, affecting problem-solving.

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Creative Problem Solving

Using innovative and effective approaches to solve problems, often involving unconventional thinking.

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Directed Remembering

Recalling information with specific constraints or limitations.

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Contrary Recognition

Recognizing objects as something different from their typical function.

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Insight Problem Solving

Solving a problem suddenly and unexpectedly, often after a period of struggling. The answer seems to come to you 'out of the blue'.

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Neo-Gestalt View of Insight

A perspective suggesting that insight problem solving involves a unique mental process, distinct from regular problem-solving.

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Lower Accuracy in Predicting Success (Insight)

People solving insight problems are less accurate in predicting if they'll solve it. Often, they feel clueless, even when close to the solution.

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Lower 'Getting Warmer' Feeling (Insight)

During insight problem-solving, individuals experience less of a 'getting closer' feeling compared to standard problem-solving.

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Three Process View of Insight

This view breaks down the process of insight into three key cognitive mechanisms.

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Selective Encoding (Insight)

Picking the RIGHT information to focus on during an insight problem. This is crucial to finding the solution.

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Selective Comparisons (Insight)

Connecting new information to old in a novel way, like seeing a familiar object in a new light.

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Selective Combination (Insight)

Using the carefully selected information to create a fresh and original solution.

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Study Notes

Mental Representations

  • Knowledge is stored mentally through images, words, or abstract propositions.
  • Standard lab experiments and neuropsychological studies measure these mental processes.
  • Images and words both represent ideas, but images are better for some concepts and words are better for others.
  • Neither images nor words fully represent reality.
  • Mental imagery is a product of imagination, including sensations, past experiences, and made-up scenarios.
  • Dual Code Theory suggests information is encoded verbally and visually enhancing memory and understanding.
  • Pictorial and verbal codes are used for mental representation but processed differently.
  • Images are better remembered in any order, whereas words are better ordered.

Propositional Theory

  • The underlying meaning of concepts is represented as propositions
  • Propositions are the basic units of meaning in mental representations.
  • Propositions represent conceptual relationships.

Declarative and Procedural Knowledge

  • Declarative knowledge involves factual information (what).
  • Procedural knowledge describes how to do something (how).
  • Concepts, categories, semantic models, and schematic representations are used in declarative knowledge.
  • Procedural knowledge includes steps and processes.
  • Declarative and procedural knowledge are linked by relationships
  • Hierarchical structure in tree form.

Declarative and Procedural Knowledge Breakdown

  • Declarative Knowledge: Facts, concepts, categories
  • Procedural Knowledge: How to do something, step-by-step instructions

Mental Representations (continued)

  • Mental representations are stored as propositional codes; abstract concepts or statements that convey meaning without visual or verbal forms.
  • When experiencing images or words, secondary phenomena (epiphomena) occur, resulting from more basic cognitive processes.

Dual Code Theory vs Propositional Theory

  • Dual Code Theory: Combines pictorial and verbal codes for mental representation.
  • Propositional Theory: Represents concepts and relations in terms of underlying propositions.

Knowledge Implementations

  • Concepts: Fundamental units of ideas used in understanding the world, including definitions, characteristics, and features.
  • Categories: Groups of concepts or items sharing common features, relative stable.
  • Categorization: Grouping based on necessary features, exclusive definitions, and typicality effects.
  • Prototypes: Represent the most typical example of a concept.

Semantic Networks Model

  • Mental representations as networks of interconnected information.

Cognitive Psychology (General)

  • Language: Communication systems, with structured systems of symbols or sounds
  • Communication process: Exchanging information through various mediums
  • Characteristics of language: Communicative to allow interaction between people.

Additional Information:

  • Different cognitive systems are evident in individuals who speak multiple languages.
  • Early research on bilinguals indicated potential issues potentially due to language interference.
  • Current research suggests that if learned early, this doesn't impact cognitive function.
  • Language can influence perception and memory, and may have different aspects of cognitive function for different individuals who use their language differently.

Problem Solving and Creativity

  • Problems: Present states differ from goal states.
  • Problem Solving: Discovering, analyzing, and solving a problem
  • Problem Solving Cycle: Identifying, defining, strategizing, organizing, and allocating resources for problem solving.
  • Mental Sets: Using existing problem-solving models that can prevent recognizing alternative solutions.
  • Functional Fixedness: Inability to see something in a new, different way
  • Stereotypes: Oversimplified beliefs regarding the characteristics of an individual based on group membership.
  • Noticing: Detecting similarities between problems and revising/modifying approaches.
  • Contrary Recognition: Recognizing an object as something else to solve the problem.
  • Problem Solving Strategies: Algorithms, heuristics (general guidelines or rules).
  • Insights: A sudden understanding and sudden understanding of a solution to the problem.
  • Incubation: Setting aside the problem for a while and allowing more recent information to aid in solving the problem.
  • Expertise: Organizational principles, elaboration, and automatic processes help expert problem-solvers solve problems quickly.

Reasoning

  • Deductive Reasoning: Uses general principles to draw specific conclusions.
  • Inductive Reasoning: Uses specific observations to draw general conclusions.
  • Heuristics: Mental shortcuts that can lead to biases and errors

Traits associated with Creative Individuals

  • Openness to experience
  • Impulsive
  • Self-confident

Dual-Process Theory

  • Associative System: Fast and automatic, based on observed similarities and temporal connections. (Biases: Belief bias effect, false consensus effect).
  • Rule-Based System: Deliberate and symbolic, involves evaluating responses and detecting illogical statements.

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Mental Representations PDF

Description

This quiz explores the concepts of mental representations, including how knowledge is stored through images and words. It delves into theories such as Dual Code Theory and the significance of propositions in understanding concepts. Test your understanding of how imagery and verbal codes influence memory and meaning in psychology.

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