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Questions and Answers
What are propositional codes primarily used to convey?
What are propositional codes primarily used to convey?
What does the concept of EPIPHONEMA refer to?
What does the concept of EPIPHONEMA refer to?
Which type of knowledge is associated with the answer to the question 'What'?
Which type of knowledge is associated with the answer to the question 'What'?
In Dual Code Theory, which two types of codes are combined to form mental representations?
In Dual Code Theory, which two types of codes are combined to form mental representations?
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In the context of Declarative Knowledge, what is considered a fundamental unit of ideas?
In the context of Declarative Knowledge, what is considered a fundamental unit of ideas?
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What is a characteristic of categories in Declarative Knowledge?
What is a characteristic of categories in Declarative Knowledge?
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What does the Propositional Theory primarily focus on?
What does the Propositional Theory primarily focus on?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Declarative Knowledge?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Declarative Knowledge?
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What do prototypes in Declarative Knowledge represent?
What do prototypes in Declarative Knowledge represent?
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How do verbal codes relate to image codes based on the concepts presented?
How do verbal codes relate to image codes based on the concepts presented?
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What is the main issue with the foreclosure effect in reasoning?
What is the main issue with the foreclosure effect in reasoning?
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What does confirmation bias lead individuals to do?
What does confirmation bias lead individuals to do?
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What is a characteristic of reasoning by analogy?
What is a characteristic of reasoning by analogy?
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How can moods affect deductive reasoning?
How can moods affect deductive reasoning?
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Which of the following describes the associative system in dual-process theory?
Which of the following describes the associative system in dual-process theory?
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What common error occurs when inductive reasoning is employed?
What common error occurs when inductive reasoning is employed?
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What role does inductive reasoning play in predicting events?
What role does inductive reasoning play in predicting events?
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What is a downside of inferring causality from observed patterns?
What is a downside of inferring causality from observed patterns?
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What effect does language have on perception according to the discussed concepts?
What effect does language have on perception according to the discussed concepts?
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Which hypothesis suggests that bilingual individuals activate specific concepts based on the language they hear?
Which hypothesis suggests that bilingual individuals activate specific concepts based on the language they hear?
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What is a significant factor that influences fluency in learning a second language?
What is a significant factor that influences fluency in learning a second language?
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What did early research incorrectly suggest about learning two languages?
What did early research incorrectly suggest about learning two languages?
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Which statement reflects the current consensus on linguistic relativity?
Which statement reflects the current consensus on linguistic relativity?
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According to the Dual System Hypothesis, how do bilingual individuals manage translation?
According to the Dual System Hypothesis, how do bilingual individuals manage translation?
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How does the mastery of native-like pronunciation relate to language acquisition?
How does the mastery of native-like pronunciation relate to language acquisition?
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What is a key finding regarding vocabulary and fluency in older language learners?
What is a key finding regarding vocabulary and fluency in older language learners?
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What is a characteristic of insightful problem solving according to the Neo-Gestalt View?
What is a characteristic of insightful problem solving according to the Neo-Gestalt View?
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Which of the following accurately describes one of the processes in the Three Process View of insight?
Which of the following accurately describes one of the processes in the Three Process View of insight?
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What does Functional Fixedness refer to in problem solving?
What does Functional Fixedness refer to in problem solving?
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Which of the following describes Selective Comparisons in the context of insight problem solving?
Which of the following describes Selective Comparisons in the context of insight problem solving?
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What role does Mental Set play in problem solving?
What role does Mental Set play in problem solving?
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In the context of problem solving aids, what is Selective Combination?
In the context of problem solving aids, what is Selective Combination?
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What is the outcome of having a Mental Set when approaching new problems?
What is the outcome of having a Mental Set when approaching new problems?
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What can result from the lack of Selective Encoding during problem solving?
What can result from the lack of Selective Encoding during problem solving?
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What is meant by unconscious processing in problem-solving?
What is meant by unconscious processing in problem-solving?
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Which of the following best describes functional fixedness?
Which of the following best describes functional fixedness?
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Which trait is NOT generally associated with creative individuals?
Which trait is NOT generally associated with creative individuals?
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What does 'directed remembering' refer to in creative problem-solving?
What does 'directed remembering' refer to in creative problem-solving?
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What does contrary recognition signify in the problem-solving context?
What does contrary recognition signify in the problem-solving context?
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Which of the following is a key component of creative problem solving?
Which of the following is a key component of creative problem solving?
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Which of the following is least likely a characteristic of mental sets?
Which of the following is least likely a characteristic of mental sets?
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What do creativity and non-creativity share during the problem-solving process?
What do creativity and non-creativity share during the problem-solving process?
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What is negative transfer in problem-solving?
What is negative transfer in problem-solving?
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What distinguishes positive transfer from negative transfer?
What distinguishes positive transfer from negative transfer?
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What is the purpose of incubation in problem-solving?
What is the purpose of incubation in problem-solving?
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How do expert problem solvers organize their knowledge?
How do expert problem solvers organize their knowledge?
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What is meant by elaboration of knowledge among experts?
What is meant by elaboration of knowledge among experts?
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What does the reflection on problem-solving process among experts involve?
What does the reflection on problem-solving process among experts involve?
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What is automatic expert processes in problem-solving?
What is automatic expert processes in problem-solving?
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What characterizes creativity in the context of problem-solving?
What characterizes creativity in the context of problem-solving?
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Study Notes
Mental Representations
- Knowledge is stored mentally through images, words, or abstract propositions.
- Standard lab experiments and neuropsychological studies measure these mental processes.
- Images and words both represent ideas, but images are better for some concepts and words are better for others.
- Neither images nor words fully represent reality.
- Mental imagery is a product of imagination, including sensations, past experiences, and made-up scenarios.
- Dual Code Theory suggests information is encoded verbally and visually enhancing memory and understanding.
- Pictorial and verbal codes are used for mental representation but processed differently.
- Images are better remembered in any order, whereas words are better ordered.
Propositional Theory
- The underlying meaning of concepts is represented as propositions
- Propositions are the basic units of meaning in mental representations.
- Propositions represent conceptual relationships.
Declarative and Procedural Knowledge
- Declarative knowledge involves factual information (what).
- Procedural knowledge describes how to do something (how).
- Concepts, categories, semantic models, and schematic representations are used in declarative knowledge.
- Procedural knowledge includes steps and processes.
- Declarative and procedural knowledge are linked by relationships
- Hierarchical structure in tree form.
Declarative and Procedural Knowledge Breakdown
- Declarative Knowledge: Facts, concepts, categories
- Procedural Knowledge: How to do something, step-by-step instructions
Mental Representations (continued)
- Mental representations are stored as propositional codes; abstract concepts or statements that convey meaning without visual or verbal forms.
- When experiencing images or words, secondary phenomena (epiphomena) occur, resulting from more basic cognitive processes.
Dual Code Theory vs Propositional Theory
- Dual Code Theory: Combines pictorial and verbal codes for mental representation.
- Propositional Theory: Represents concepts and relations in terms of underlying propositions.
Knowledge Implementations
- Concepts: Fundamental units of ideas used in understanding the world, including definitions, characteristics, and features.
- Categories: Groups of concepts or items sharing common features, relative stable.
- Categorization: Grouping based on necessary features, exclusive definitions, and typicality effects.
- Prototypes: Represent the most typical example of a concept.
Semantic Networks Model
- Mental representations as networks of interconnected information.
Cognitive Psychology (General)
- Language: Communication systems, with structured systems of symbols or sounds
- Communication process: Exchanging information through various mediums
- Characteristics of language: Communicative to allow interaction between people.
Additional Information:
- Different cognitive systems are evident in individuals who speak multiple languages.
- Early research on bilinguals indicated potential issues potentially due to language interference.
- Current research suggests that if learned early, this doesn't impact cognitive function.
- Language can influence perception and memory, and may have different aspects of cognitive function for different individuals who use their language differently.
Problem Solving and Creativity
- Problems: Present states differ from goal states.
- Problem Solving: Discovering, analyzing, and solving a problem
- Problem Solving Cycle: Identifying, defining, strategizing, organizing, and allocating resources for problem solving.
- Mental Sets: Using existing problem-solving models that can prevent recognizing alternative solutions.
- Functional Fixedness: Inability to see something in a new, different way
- Stereotypes: Oversimplified beliefs regarding the characteristics of an individual based on group membership.
- Noticing: Detecting similarities between problems and revising/modifying approaches.
- Contrary Recognition: Recognizing an object as something else to solve the problem.
- Problem Solving Strategies: Algorithms, heuristics (general guidelines or rules).
- Insights: A sudden understanding and sudden understanding of a solution to the problem.
- Incubation: Setting aside the problem for a while and allowing more recent information to aid in solving the problem.
- Expertise: Organizational principles, elaboration, and automatic processes help expert problem-solvers solve problems quickly.
Reasoning
- Deductive Reasoning: Uses general principles to draw specific conclusions.
- Inductive Reasoning: Uses specific observations to draw general conclusions.
- Heuristics: Mental shortcuts that can lead to biases and errors
Traits associated with Creative Individuals
- Openness to experience
- Impulsive
- Self-confident
Dual-Process Theory
- Associative System: Fast and automatic, based on observed similarities and temporal connections. (Biases: Belief bias effect, false consensus effect).
- Rule-Based System: Deliberate and symbolic, involves evaluating responses and detecting illogical statements.
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Description
This quiz explores the concepts of mental representations, including how knowledge is stored through images and words. It delves into theories such as Dual Code Theory and the significance of propositions in understanding concepts. Test your understanding of how imagery and verbal codes influence memory and meaning in psychology.