Lecture 4

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Questions and Answers

What characterizes episodic memory?

Memory that includes procedural tasks

Memory of personal experiences and events (correct)

Memory of facts and concepts

Unconscious recollection of learned skills

What is a key feature of the hierarchical network model proposed by Collins and Quillian?

Concept activation does not affect retrieval speed

Cognitive economy through unique storage of concepts (correct)

All properties stored at the lowest level

Redundancy in storing properties

How does spreading activation function in the hierarchical network model?

Activates all nodes simultaneously without direction

Retrieves meanings by activating related nodes (correct)

Decreases retrieval time for unrelated concepts

Only retrieves the exact node presented

In a sentence verification task, which factor influences the verification time?

The distance between related concepts in the hierarchical network (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to Collins and Loftus, what additional factors affect sentence verification times besides semantic distance?

The strength of the initial activation and time since activation (A) Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory can be defined as knowing something without necessarily remembering where or how you learned it?

Semantic memory (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about semantic memory is accurate?

It involves the storage of factual knowledge about the world (D) Signup and view all the answers

What was measured in the sentence verification task according to the hierarchical model?

Reaction time to verify the truth of sentences (B) Signup and view all the answers

What led the young man to initially refuse to go with the warriors?

He felt unprepared without arrows. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What realization did the young man have about the warriors he accompanied?

They were ghosts. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What ultimately happened to the young man after he returned home?

He suddenly fell sick and died. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What transformation did occur regarding the description of events in the story?

The wounded Indian became a hero. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What did the warriors say happened to the young man, despite him feeling fine?

He was hit and supposed to be dead. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What did the young man tell his community after returning from the battle?

He accompanied ghosts to fight. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What unusual physical symptom did the young man exhibit before his death?

Something black came from his mouth. (B) Signup and view all the answers

How did the community react to the young man's condition before he died?

They jumped up and cried in alarm. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect of typicality effects in categorization?

People take longer to make decisions about less typical examples. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What do category size effects suggest?

The classification of a dog as a mammal is faster than as an animal. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does the PDP model use to represent its functioning?

A network of interconnected processing nodes. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when a PDP network is exposed to a new example that shares features with known category members?

It can generalize properties from known members. (A) Signup and view all the answers

How does the concept of schemas relate to memory?

Schemas are generalized mental representations of categories. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible disadvantage of categorizing atypical examples quickly in a PDP network?

It may hinder the network's ability to properly generalize. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the concept of scripts in memory?

Scripts represent expected sequences of events in familiar contexts. (D) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of category learning, what role do atypical examples play?

They help in the expansion and flexibility of category understanding. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is often downplayed or omitted in references regarding the Indian in the narrative?

Lack of arrows (B) Signup and view all the answers

What role do schemas play in memory according to the content?

They can distort experiences and perceptions (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of a script or event schema?

Racial stereotypes (B) Signup and view all the answers

What outcomes can result from applying a high school script to university learning?

Conflicts due to unspaced workload (D) Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario does an individual typically go through the process of choosing a course?

When enrolling in a university (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the connection between an Indian's injury and the battle's termination?

It is completely omitted from the discussion (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential downside of using schemas according to the content?

They can limit new learning experiences (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key element in the script transference from high school to university?

Setting learning priorities (B) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Explicit Memory: Episodic and Semantic Memory

Episodic Memory: Personal recollections of specific events or experiences, including context and emotions. Not all learned information is memorable.
Semantic Memory: Stores general knowledge and facts without context, such as meanings of words or concepts.

Hierarchical Network Models

Developed by Collins & Quillian (1969) and Collins & Loftus (1972) with a logical structure of interconnected nodes (e.g., canary → bird → animal).
Cognitive Economy: Each concept and property stored only once to minimize redundancy.
Properties are stored at the highest level to optimize retrieval.
Spreading Activation: Activation of a node spreads to related concepts when a related concept is presented.

Evaluation of Hierarchical Model

Sentence Verification Task: Measures time taken to confirm sentences, with findings indicating time depends on conceptual distance.
Verification time increases with distance between nodes, including factors like initial activation strength and time elapsed since activation.
Typicality Effects: It takes longer to verify less typical examples (e.g., "A penguin is a bird" vs. "A robin is a bird").
Category Size Effects: Longer verification times for broader categories (e.g., "A dog is an animal" takes longer than "A dog is a mammal").

Parallel Distributed Processing (PDP) Models

Inspired by neural networks, employing interconnected nodes that communicate through activation or inhibition.
Generalization: Exposure to new examples enables assimilation of features from known categories (e.g., "bird").
Learning Atypical Examples: Network capability to quickly learn atypical items such as penguins or bats by adjusting connections.

The Structure of Memory: Schemas & Scripts

Schema: Generalized mental frameworks for objects, people, or events, facilitating understanding and information organization.
War of the Ghosts: Demonstrates schema influence on recall; participants altered the narrative based on personal understanding, indicating how memory can distort original experiences.

Transformations in Memory Recall

Participants often transformed details to fit familiar schemas, such as "something black came from his mouth" becoming "he froth at the mouth."
Specific details were altered or omitted to conflate the narrative with more common interpretations (e.g., 'canoe' to 'boat').

The Importance of Schemas

Schemas enhance memory encoding efficiency by providing a structure for experiences but can distort perceptions and recollections.
Information not aligned with existing schemas may be overlooked or reinterpreted.

Schema Examples

Stereotypes: Includes prejudices based on race and gender, prevalent in media and culture.
Event Schemas: Include structured activities like dining, celebrating events, and academic experiences which guide expectations and behaviors.

Script Transference

Transitioning from high school to university can lead to difficulties when relying on high school scripts without adaptation to new expectations.
Potential issues include lack of planning and disorganization due to unfitting schemas.

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Description

This quiz explores the concepts of episodic and semantic memory as outlined in Weiten's text. It covers definitions, distinctions, and the hierarchical network models proposed by Collins and Quillian. Test your understanding of explicit memory and its structures.