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Questions and Answers
What are the two primary explanations for the loss of information in memory according to Ricker & Cowan (2010)?
What are the two primary explanations for the loss of information in memory according to Ricker & Cowan (2010)?
Interference only occurs from previously learned items, not from task demands.
Interference only occurs from previously learned items, not from task demands.
False
Name one method used in the Ricker & Cowan (2010) study to induce interference.
Name one method used in the Ricker & Cowan (2010) study to induce interference.
repeating digits heard or subtracting digits heard
In Baddeley & Hitch’s Working Memory Model, memory involves not only storage but also how information is processed and __________ to achieve a goal.
In Baddeley & Hitch’s Working Memory Model, memory involves not only storage but also how information is processed and __________ to achieve a goal.
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Match the following types of memory loss with their definitions:
Match the following types of memory loss with their definitions:
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Which of the following statements is true regarding short-term memory?
Which of the following statements is true regarding short-term memory?
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Sensory memory decays rapidly but has a large capacity.
Sensory memory decays rapidly but has a large capacity.
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What is necessary to transfer information from short-term memory to long-term memory?
What is necessary to transfer information from short-term memory to long-term memory?
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According to Miller (1956), what is the estimated capacity of short-term memory (STM)?
According to Miller (1956), what is the estimated capacity of short-term memory (STM)?
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___ is the number of items that one can recall immediately in the correct order of its presentation in short-term memory.
___ is the number of items that one can recall immediately in the correct order of its presentation in short-term memory.
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The recency effect refers to better recall for items presented early in a sequence.
The recency effect refers to better recall for items presented early in a sequence.
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What is the term for organizing items into single units to increase memory span?
What is the term for organizing items into single units to increase memory span?
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Match the following types of memory with their characteristics:
Match the following types of memory with their characteristics:
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According to the Atkinson & Shiffrin model, what is the primary way information transfers to long-term memory?
According to the Atkinson & Shiffrin model, what is the primary way information transfers to long-term memory?
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The phenomenon where memory span is affected by the phonological similarity of words is known as the ______ similarity effect.
The phenomenon where memory span is affected by the phonological similarity of words is known as the ______ similarity effect.
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Unattended information is never processed into short-term memory.
Unattended information is never processed into short-term memory.
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Match the following research findings with their implications:
Match the following research findings with their implications:
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What model of memory did Atkinson & Shiffrin propose?
What model of memory did Atkinson & Shiffrin propose?
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What effect was demonstrated by counting backwards to prevent rehearsal?
What effect was demonstrated by counting backwards to prevent rehearsal?
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According to research, longer words have a larger span than shorter words.
According to research, longer words have a larger span than shorter words.
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What cultural difference is noted in digit span between language speakers?
What cultural difference is noted in digit span between language speakers?
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Which task requires both comprehension and memory retrieval?
Which task requires both comprehension and memory retrieval?
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The unitary store model suggests that there is no distinction between short-term memory and long-term memory.
The unitary store model suggests that there is no distinction between short-term memory and long-term memory.
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What type of memory task is the operation span?
What type of memory task is the operation span?
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The reverse digit span task involves repeating numbers __________.
The reverse digit span task involves repeating numbers __________.
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Match the following working memory tasks with their primary focus:
Match the following working memory tasks with their primary focus:
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Which component of working memory is responsible for integrating information from different sources?
Which component of working memory is responsible for integrating information from different sources?
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The central executive has a significant storage capacity.
The central executive has a significant storage capacity.
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What are the two main components of the phonological loop?
What are the two main components of the phonological loop?
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The __________ sketchpad is responsible for storing and processing visual and spatial information.
The __________ sketchpad is responsible for storing and processing visual and spatial information.
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Match the executive function with its description:
Match the executive function with its description:
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Which of the following best describes the role of the visuo-spatial sketchpad?
Which of the following best describes the role of the visuo-spatial sketchpad?
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According to Baddeley's model, the phonological loop has unlimited storage capacity.
According to Baddeley's model, the phonological loop has unlimited storage capacity.
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What test is typically used to measure the visuo-spatial sketchpad?
What test is typically used to measure the visuo-spatial sketchpad?
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Study Notes
Short-Term Memory (STM) and Working Memory (WM)
- STM and WM are similar but have differences
- STM is a temporary storage system
- WM is a system for actively manipulating information.
- There are 3 types of memory:
- Sensory Memory
- Short-Term Memory (STM)
- Long-Term Memory (LTM)
- Atkinson & Shiffrin's model of memory (1968) depicts the flow of information between sensory, short-term, and long-term stores.
Measuring STM and WM Capacity
- Memory span is the number of items immediately recalled in order.
- Using random (meaningless) stimuli like numbers or letters, experimenters assess how many items one can remember.
- Capacity is estimated to be 7 +/- 2 items (Miller, 1956) and also 4 +/- 1 items (Cowan, 2001).
- Chunk size affects the capacity estimate, hence the variation.
- The word length effect shows that shorter words are easier to recall compared to longer words.
- Cultural differences exist in digit span.
Key Theoretical Models
- The three component model (Baddeley & Hitch, 1974) describes working memory as more than short-term storage, actively processing and manipulating information
- Components include a central executive, plus a phonological loop, visuo-spatial sketchpad and an episodic buffer.
- A unitary store model suggests that working memory is just an activated section of long-term memory, with no distinction between STM and LTM.
STM Duration
- STM information decays rapidly, typically within seconds.
- Decay (loss) and interference (information disruption) are key factors affecting memory duration. Using a counting-back task prevents rehearsal, which helps evaluate these factors.
Evaluation of Models
- The Atkinson-Shiffrin model is a useful framework but has limitations:
- It's outdated and not complex enough to accurately describe the various components that make up WM.
- It doesn't explain how information is manipulated to complete tasks, but rather that rehearsal is important.
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Description
This quiz explores the concepts of Short-Term Memory (STM) and Working Memory (WM), highlighting their differences and functions. It also covers the measuring techniques for STM and WM capacity, including key theoretical models and findings from research studies. Test your understanding of memory types and storage systems based on established psychological theories.
