Psychology Chapter on Memory Models
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Which component of the memory model temporarily holds sensory information?

  • Sensory memory (correct)
  • Short term memory
  • Long term memory
  • Working memory

    • Short term memory has an unlimited capacity.

    False

    What are the two types of sensory registers?

    Iconic store and echoic store

    In short term memory, information can be represented ____ for visual information.

    <p>visually</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the memory storage processes to their descriptions:

    <p>Encoding = Translating information into neural code Storage = Retaining information over time Retrieval = Pulling information back out for use Chunking = Grouping units into larger bits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration of echoic memory?

    <p>About 2 seconds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chunking is a method used to decrease the storage duration of short term memory.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical duration of information retention in short term memory without any control process?

    <p>About 20 seconds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between short-term memory (STM) and working memory (WM)?

    <p>STM is for storage only, while WM involves manipulating information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Procedural memory can be verbally articulated.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of amnesia results in the inability to form new long-term memories?

    <p>anterograde amnesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary functions of working memory include the storage and __________ of information.

    <p>manipulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of memory with their characteristics:

    <p>Episodic Memory = Personal experiences Semantic Memory = General factual knowledge Muscle Memory = Skills and actions that become automatic Anterograde Amnesia = Inability to create new long-term memories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the storage capacity of long-term memory?

    <p>Unlimited and durable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Henry Molaison (HM) demonstrated that short-term and long-term memory are the same system.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one brain structure that is important in the formation of semantic and episodic long-term memories.

    <p>hippocampus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the acronym HOMES help to remember?

    <p>The Great Five Lakes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Semantic mnemonics include techniques like bizarre imagery and the Method of Loci.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are associative networks in memory theory?

    <p>A network of associated concepts represented by nodes, where concepts are linked by associations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The technique used to remember items by linking them with familiar locations is known as the ________.

    <p>Method of Loci</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following memory techniques with their descriptions:

    <p>First letter technique = Using the first letters of words to create a memorable phrase Narrative technique = Creating a story to remember information Bizarre imagery = Using unusual and vivid images to enhance memory Method of Loci = Associating information with physical locations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of memory is intact in K.F. despite short term memory damage?

    <p>Long term memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Clive Wearing is able to form new memories.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What memory process involves adding meaning or associations to information?

    <p>Elaborative rehearsal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ effect refers to the tendency to remember items at the end of a list more easily.

    <p>recency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of processing with its description:

    <p>Effortful processing = Conscious and intentional Automatic processing = Unintentional with minimal attention Maintenance rehearsal = Repeating information Elaborative rehearsal = Enhancing information understanding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What strategy involves repeating information over and over?

    <p>Maintenance rehearsal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary effect helps in recalling items from the end of a list.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship defined by the serial position effect?

    <p>The position of a word in a list influences its probability of recall.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between proactive and retroactive interference?

    <p>Retroactive interference occurs when past information interferes with new information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dementia is always associated with Alzheimer's disease.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the memory loss for events that happen after an amnesic episode?

    <p>Anterograde Amnesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of blocking the recall of anxiety-arousing memories is known as ______.

    <p>repression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of amnesia with their definitions:

    <p>Retrograde Amnesia = Loss of memory for events before the onset of amnesia Anterograde Amnesia = Loss of memory for events after the onset of amnesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a flashbulb memory?

    <p>A memory of a very surprising and emotionally arousing event.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cues are stimuli that can lead to the activation of information stored in long-term memory.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to flashbulb memories over time?

    <p>They become less accurate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Learning is associated with a particular internal state is known as __________ learning.

    <p>state-dependent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following retrieval principles with their descriptions:

    <p>Encoding specificity = Learning information with its context State-dependent learning = Learning associated with internal states Transferring appropriate processing = Matching tasks at encoding and retrieval Decay = Fading of memory traces over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors can impair the ability to retrieve information?

    <p>Encoding failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of retrieval only involves recalling information without any cues.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one example of a non-drug factor that can affect state-dependent learning?

    <p>Mood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Memory Processes

    • Memory is the process of retaining, retrieving, and using information about stimuli, images, events, ideas, and skills after the original information is no longer present.
    • Encoding translates information into a neural code for storage.
    • Storage is the process of retaining information over time.
    • Retrieval is the process of recalling information from storage.

    Information Processing Approach

    • Memory can be viewed as a processing system that encodes, stores, and retrieves information.

    Three-Component Model of Memory

    • Sensory Memory: Briefly holds sensory information; initial information processor.
      • Sensory Registers: Subsystems for initial processing.
        • Iconic Store: Holds visual information, lasting a fraction of a second.
        • Echoic Store: Holds auditory information, lasting about two seconds.
    • Short-Term/Working Memory (STM/WM): Temporarily stores and processes a limited amount of information.
      • Limited capacity (approximately 7 +/- 2 "chunks").
      • Limited duration (about 20 seconds without rehearsal).
      • Can be used for active manipulation of information (working memory)
    • Long-Term Memory (LTM): Durable storage of past events and learned knowledge.
      • Large storage capacity (potentially unlimited).
      • Can endure for a lifetime.
      • Declarative Memory (Explicit):
        • Episodic: Personal experiences.
        • Semantic: General factual knowledge.
      • Procedural Memory (Implicit): Skills and actions (often hard to explain).

    Measuring Sensory Memory

    • Sperling (1960): Research measured capacity and duration using whole-report and partial-report methods, studying how much visual information people can briefly retain.

    Increasing STM Capacity

    • Chunking: Grouping smaller units into larger, meaningful units to increase short-term memory capacity.

    Increasing STM Duration

    • Maintenance Rehearsal: Simple repetition to maintain information in short-term memory.
    • Elaborative Rehearsal: Focusing on meaning to transfer information into long-term memory.

    Working Memory

    • Limited capacity system used for storage and manipulation of information during tasks.

    Long-Term Memory

    • Storage of past events, information, and learned knowledge.

    Muscle Memory/Long-Term Memory Damage

    • Damage can cause anterograde amnesia (inability to form new memories) or retrograde amnesia (inability to recall past memories).

    Dissociation

    • Case studies, like HM, investigate whether short-term and long-term memories operate independently.

    Information Representation in STM/WM

    • Information can be stored visually (images), phonologically (sounds), semantically (meaning), or via motor action.

    Encoding Information

    • Effortful Processing: Intentional, conscious processing of information.
    • Automatic Processing: Unintentional, minimal attention processing.

    Levels of Processing

    • Structural: Physical features of something
    • Phonemic: Sounds of something
    • Semantic: Meaning

    Mnemonic Devices

    • Strategies to improve memory.

    Encoding Specificity

    • We learn information in context. Retrieval is better when encoding and retrieval contexts match.

    Flashbulb Memories

    • Vivid memories of highly emotional or surprising events, though they are not necessarily more accurate.

    Cue Recall

    • Retrieval of information is helped by cues that were present at encoding.

    Retrieval

    • Process of transferring information from long-term memory back to short-term/working memory.

    Memory Distortion

    • Memory is a reconstructive process; errors and biases can occur during encoding, storage, and retrieval.

    Forgetting

    • Interference, decay, and encoding failure can all cause forgetting.

    Amnesia

    • Retrograde amnesia: Loss of memory for events before the injury
    • Anterograde amnesia: Loss of memory for events after the injury

    Dementia

    • Neurological decline resulting in impaired memory and other cognitive functions.

    Complex Mnemonics

    • Methods including the method of loci (linking information to locations) and pegword systems.

    Storage of Information

    • Theory that memory can be represented as networks of associated concepts.

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    Related Documents

    Psychology Chapter 6: Memory (PDF)

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the various components of memory models, including sensory registers, short-term memory, and working memory. The quiz covers concepts like encoding, duration, and types of memory, providing a comprehensive review of key principles. Perfect for psychology students looking to reinforce their understanding of memory processes.

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