Psychology Chapter on Memory Models
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Questions and Answers

Which component of the memory model temporarily holds sensory information?

  • Sensory memory (correct)
  • Short term memory
  • Long term memory
  • Working memory

Short term memory has an unlimited capacity.

False (B)

What are the two types of sensory registers?

Iconic store and echoic store

In short term memory, information can be represented ____ for visual information.

<p>visually</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the memory storage processes to their descriptions:

<p>Encoding = Translating information into neural code Storage = Retaining information over time Retrieval = Pulling information back out for use Chunking = Grouping units into larger bits</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the duration of echoic memory?

<p>About 2 seconds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chunking is a method used to decrease the storage duration of short term memory.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical duration of information retention in short term memory without any control process?

<p>About 20 seconds</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between short-term memory (STM) and working memory (WM)?

<p>STM is for storage only, while WM involves manipulating information. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Procedural memory can be verbally articulated.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of amnesia results in the inability to form new long-term memories?

<p>anterograde amnesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

The primary functions of working memory include the storage and __________ of information.

<p>manipulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of memory with their characteristics:

<p>Episodic Memory = Personal experiences Semantic Memory = General factual knowledge Muscle Memory = Skills and actions that become automatic Anterograde Amnesia = Inability to create new long-term memories</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the storage capacity of long-term memory?

<p>Unlimited and durable. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Henry Molaison (HM) demonstrated that short-term and long-term memory are the same system.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one brain structure that is important in the formation of semantic and episodic long-term memories.

<p>hippocampus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the acronym HOMES help to remember?

<p>The Great Five Lakes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Semantic mnemonics include techniques like bizarre imagery and the Method of Loci.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are associative networks in memory theory?

<p>A network of associated concepts represented by nodes, where concepts are linked by associations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The technique used to remember items by linking them with familiar locations is known as the ________.

<p>Method of Loci</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following memory techniques with their descriptions:

<p>First letter technique = Using the first letters of words to create a memorable phrase Narrative technique = Creating a story to remember information Bizarre imagery = Using unusual and vivid images to enhance memory Method of Loci = Associating information with physical locations</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory is intact in K.F. despite short term memory damage?

<p>Long term memory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Clive Wearing is able to form new memories.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What memory process involves adding meaning or associations to information?

<p>Elaborative rehearsal</p> Signup and view all the answers

The _____ effect refers to the tendency to remember items at the end of a list more easily.

<p>recency</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of processing with its description:

<p>Effortful processing = Conscious and intentional Automatic processing = Unintentional with minimal attention Maintenance rehearsal = Repeating information Elaborative rehearsal = Enhancing information understanding</p> Signup and view all the answers

What strategy involves repeating information over and over?

<p>Maintenance rehearsal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The primary effect helps in recalling items from the end of a list.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship defined by the serial position effect?

<p>The position of a word in a list influences its probability of recall.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between proactive and retroactive interference?

<p>Retroactive interference occurs when past information interferes with new information. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dementia is always associated with Alzheimer's disease.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the memory loss for events that happen after an amnesic episode?

<p>Anterograde Amnesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of blocking the recall of anxiety-arousing memories is known as ______.

<p>repression</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of amnesia with their definitions:

<p>Retrograde Amnesia = Loss of memory for events before the onset of amnesia Anterograde Amnesia = Loss of memory for events after the onset of amnesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a flashbulb memory?

<p>A memory of a very surprising and emotionally arousing event. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cues are stimuli that can lead to the activation of information stored in long-term memory.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to flashbulb memories over time?

<p>They become less accurate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Learning is associated with a particular internal state is known as __________ learning.

<p>state-dependent</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following retrieval principles with their descriptions:

<p>Encoding specificity = Learning information with its context State-dependent learning = Learning associated with internal states Transferring appropriate processing = Matching tasks at encoding and retrieval Decay = Fading of memory traces over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors can impair the ability to retrieve information?

<p>Encoding failure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of retrieval only involves recalling information without any cues.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one example of a non-drug factor that can affect state-dependent learning?

<p>Mood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Memory

The process of retaining, retrieving, and using information after the original source is gone.

Information Processing Approach to Memory

A cognitive system that encodes, stores, and retrieves information.

Encoding

Translating information into a neural code for storage.

Storage

The process of retaining information over time.

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Retrieval

Accessing stored information for use.

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Sensory Memory

The brief holding of sensory information.

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Iconic Store

Briefly holds visual information.

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Echoic Store

Briefly holds auditory information.

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Maintenance Rehearsal

The process of repeating information to keep it in short-term memory longer.

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Elaborative Rehearsal

Thinking about the meaning of information, connecting it to other knowledge, and making it more meaningful.

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Working Memory

A limited-capacity system that holds and manipulates information for current tasks.

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Long-Term Memory

The long-term storage of memories, including past events and learned knowledge.

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Declarative Memory

A type of memory that can be consciously recalled, including personal experiences and general knowledge.

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Episodic Memory

Memories of personal experiences, like a birthday party or a vacation.

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Semantic Memory

Memories of factual knowledge, like the capital of France or the name of the first president.

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Procedural Memory

A type of memory that is unconscious and cannot be easily verbalized, including skills and actions like riding a bike.

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Chunking

Combining individual items into larger, meaningful units to improve memory.

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Hierarchy System

Organizing information based on relationships, creating a hierarchical structure. This enhances recall through associations.

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First Letter Technique

A mnemonic technique using the first letter of each item to create a word or phrase, aiding in memorization.

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Associative Networks

A cognitive system that explains memory as a network of interconnected concepts. Each concept is a node, and lines represent associations, with shorter lines indicating stronger relationships.

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Priming

The activation of a specific concept by another, often unconsciously, where exposure to a stimulus influences responses to subsequent stimuli.

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Value of Distinctiveness

Information that stands out is easier to recall.

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Flashbulb Memory

A memory of the circumstances surrounding the first time you learned about a surprising or emotionally arousing event.

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Cues

Stimuli that trigger the activation of information stored in long-term memory (LTM).

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Matching Conditions

Matching the conditions at the time of retrieval to those present during encoding can improve recall.

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Encoding Specificity

We learn information together with its context.

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State-Dependant Learning

Learning is associated with a particular internal state.

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Transfer-Appropriate Processing

Memory performance is better when the type of task used at encoding matches the type of task used at retrieval.

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Hippocampus

Damage to this brain area can lead to difficulty forming new memories (anterograde amnesia) and recalling past memories (retrograde amnesia).

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Serial Position Effect

Describes the tendency to remember the first and last items in a list more easily than the middle items.

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Short-Term Memory

The ability to recall recent events, often lasting for a short period of time. Damage to the left parietal lobe can affect this memory.

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Semantic Processing

This processing level focuses on the meaning and significance of information. It is the deepest level of processing and leads to the strongest memory formation.

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Retroactive Interference

Difficulty recalling older information due to interference from recently learned information.

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Retrograde Amnesia

Memory loss for events before the onset of amnesia.

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Repression

A conscious or unconscious process by which we block anxiety-provoking memories from our awareness.

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Anterograde Amnesia

The inability to remember new events after the onset of amnesia.

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Memory Construction

A cognitive process where we piece together bits of information to create memories that make sense.

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Study Notes

Memory Processes

  • Memory is the process of retaining, retrieving, and using information about stimuli, images, events, ideas, and skills after the original information is no longer present.
  • Encoding translates information into a neural code for storage.
  • Storage is the process of retaining information over time.
  • Retrieval is the process of recalling information from storage.

Information Processing Approach

  • Memory can be viewed as a processing system that encodes, stores, and retrieves information.

Three-Component Model of Memory

  • Sensory Memory: Briefly holds sensory information; initial information processor.
    • Sensory Registers: Subsystems for initial processing.
      • Iconic Store: Holds visual information, lasting a fraction of a second.
      • Echoic Store: Holds auditory information, lasting about two seconds.
  • Short-Term/Working Memory (STM/WM): Temporarily stores and processes a limited amount of information.
    • Limited capacity (approximately 7 +/- 2 "chunks").
    • Limited duration (about 20 seconds without rehearsal).
    • Can be used for active manipulation of information (working memory)
  • Long-Term Memory (LTM): Durable storage of past events and learned knowledge.
    • Large storage capacity (potentially unlimited).
    • Can endure for a lifetime.
    • Declarative Memory (Explicit):
      • Episodic: Personal experiences.
      • Semantic: General factual knowledge.
    • Procedural Memory (Implicit): Skills and actions (often hard to explain).

Measuring Sensory Memory

  • Sperling (1960): Research measured capacity and duration using whole-report and partial-report methods, studying how much visual information people can briefly retain.

Increasing STM Capacity

  • Chunking: Grouping smaller units into larger, meaningful units to increase short-term memory capacity.

Increasing STM Duration

  • Maintenance Rehearsal: Simple repetition to maintain information in short-term memory.
  • Elaborative Rehearsal: Focusing on meaning to transfer information into long-term memory.

Working Memory

  • Limited capacity system used for storage and manipulation of information during tasks.

Long-Term Memory

  • Storage of past events, information, and learned knowledge.

Muscle Memory/Long-Term Memory Damage

  • Damage can cause anterograde amnesia (inability to form new memories) or retrograde amnesia (inability to recall past memories).

Dissociation

  • Case studies, like HM, investigate whether short-term and long-term memories operate independently.

Information Representation in STM/WM

  • Information can be stored visually (images), phonologically (sounds), semantically (meaning), or via motor action.

Encoding Information

  • Effortful Processing: Intentional, conscious processing of information.
  • Automatic Processing: Unintentional, minimal attention processing.

Levels of Processing

  • Structural: Physical features of something
  • Phonemic: Sounds of something
  • Semantic: Meaning

Mnemonic Devices

  • Strategies to improve memory.

Encoding Specificity

  • We learn information in context. Retrieval is better when encoding and retrieval contexts match.

Flashbulb Memories

  • Vivid memories of highly emotional or surprising events, though they are not necessarily more accurate.

Cue Recall

  • Retrieval of information is helped by cues that were present at encoding.

Retrieval

  • Process of transferring information from long-term memory back to short-term/working memory.

Memory Distortion

  • Memory is a reconstructive process; errors and biases can occur during encoding, storage, and retrieval.

Forgetting

  • Interference, decay, and encoding failure can all cause forgetting.

Amnesia

  • Retrograde amnesia: Loss of memory for events before the injury
  • Anterograde amnesia: Loss of memory for events after the injury

Dementia

  • Neurological decline resulting in impaired memory and other cognitive functions.

Complex Mnemonics

  • Methods including the method of loci (linking information to locations) and pegword systems.

Storage of Information

  • Theory that memory can be represented as networks of associated concepts.

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Psychology Chapter 6: Memory (PDF)

Description

Test your knowledge on the various components of memory models, including sensory registers, short-term memory, and working memory. The quiz covers concepts like encoding, duration, and types of memory, providing a comprehensive review of key principles. Perfect for psychology students looking to reinforce their understanding of memory processes.

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