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Questions and Answers
What is the main function of sensory memory?
What is the main function of sensory memory?
- To store memories permanently in the brain
- To retrieve information from long-term memory
- To briefly hold sensory information for processing (correct)
- To control attention and focus
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of short-term memory?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of short-term memory?
- It is limited in capacity, holding approximately 7 bits of information.
- It is the conscious part of the memory system.
- Information is automatically transferred to long-term memory without effort. (correct)
- Information is retained for a short period of time, around 20-30 seconds.
Which type of rehearsal focuses on meaning and connections, enhancing the chances of transferring information to long-term memory?
Which type of rehearsal focuses on meaning and connections, enhancing the chances of transferring information to long-term memory?
- Sensory rehearsal
- Maintenance rehearsal
- Elaborative rehearsal (correct)
- Spaced rehearsal
What is the primary reason why some information never makes it into long-term memory?
What is the primary reason why some information never makes it into long-term memory?
Which of the following is an example of automatic processing?
Which of the following is an example of automatic processing?
What is the primary difference between sensory memory and short-term memory?
What is the primary difference between sensory memory and short-term memory?
Which of the following is a consequence of encoding failure?
Which of the following is a consequence of encoding failure?
What is the primary function of the 'icon' in sensory memory?
What is the primary function of the 'icon' in sensory memory?
Which of the following best describes elaborative rehearsal?
Which of the following best describes elaborative rehearsal?
Which of these factors can influence the likelihood of retrieving information from long-term memory?
Which of these factors can influence the likelihood of retrieving information from long-term memory?
What concept emphasizes the idea that language shapes our perceptions and cognitive categories?
What concept emphasizes the idea that language shapes our perceptions and cognitive categories?
Which of the following is not considered a basic element of language?
Which of the following is not considered a basic element of language?
What area of the brain is primarily associated with the production of speech?
What area of the brain is primarily associated with the production of speech?
According to Noam Chomsky, what is the term for the period when language acquisition is most critical?
According to Noam Chomsky, what is the term for the period when language acquisition is most critical?
What aspect of language allows for the ability to discuss events or objects not currently present?
What aspect of language allows for the ability to discuss events or objects not currently present?
Which of the following best describes the concept of surface structure in Chomsky's theory?
Which of the following best describes the concept of surface structure in Chomsky's theory?
What principle does B.F. Skinner's Behavioral Theory primarily rely on?
What principle does B.F. Skinner's Behavioral Theory primarily rely on?
Which of the following properties ensures that a language can convey meaningful thoughts to its speakers?
Which of the following properties ensures that a language can convey meaningful thoughts to its speakers?
Who is associated with the theory that children are born with a universal grammar?
Who is associated with the theory that children are born with a universal grammar?
What does prosody refer to in the context of language?
What does prosody refer to in the context of language?
What principle explains why people are more likely to remember the first and last items in a list?
What principle explains why people are more likely to remember the first and last items in a list?
Which type of interference occurs when new information disrupts the recall of old information?
Which type of interference occurs when new information disrupts the recall of old information?
Which encoding method relies on associating new information with existing knowledge?
Which encoding method relies on associating new information with existing knowledge?
What does Long Term Potentiation refer to in the context of memory?
What does Long Term Potentiation refer to in the context of memory?
What effect describes the phenomenon where individuals recall memories more accurately when they are in the same emotional state as when those memories were formed?
What effect describes the phenomenon where individuals recall memories more accurately when they are in the same emotional state as when those memories were formed?
What is the Ebbinghaus Curve of Forgetting characterized by?
What is the Ebbinghaus Curve of Forgetting characterized by?
Which model explains the storage of related ideas in different categories during memory retention?
Which model explains the storage of related ideas in different categories during memory retention?
What term describes the creation of false memories due to misleading information?
What term describes the creation of false memories due to misleading information?
Which of the following statements describes the spacing effect in practice?
Which of the following statements describes the spacing effect in practice?
What phenomenon explains how the brain may fill in gaps with incorrect information during memory retrieval?
What phenomenon explains how the brain may fill in gaps with incorrect information during memory retrieval?
What type of memories does the cerebellum primarily handle?
What type of memories does the cerebellum primarily handle?
Which of the following describes 'blocking' in the context of memory retrieval?
Which of the following describes 'blocking' in the context of memory retrieval?
What is 'functional fixedness' as an obstacle to problem solving?
What is 'functional fixedness' as an obstacle to problem solving?
Which of the following best defines the 'availability heuristic'?
Which of the following best defines the 'availability heuristic'?
What component of creative thinking involves generating numerous ideas?
What component of creative thinking involves generating numerous ideas?
Which memory phenomenon refers to linking a memory with an incorrect source?
Which memory phenomenon refers to linking a memory with an incorrect source?
Which problem-solving strategy guarantees a solution through a systematic procedure?
Which problem-solving strategy guarantees a solution through a systematic procedure?
In reference to cognitive processing, what does inductive thought involve?
In reference to cognitive processing, what does inductive thought involve?
Which of the following memory sins is associated with information fading over time?
Which of the following memory sins is associated with information fading over time?
What aspect of problem solving does overconfidence hinder?
What aspect of problem solving does overconfidence hinder?
Flashcards
What is memory?
What is memory?
The active system that receives, organizes, alters, and stores information.
Sensory Memory
Sensory Memory
The first stage of memory where sensory information is briefly held in a raw form mirroring the original stimulus.
Icon
Icon
A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli, lasting about half a second.
Echo
Echo
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Short-Term (Working) Memory
Short-Term (Working) Memory
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Encoding
Encoding
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Storage
Storage
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Retrieval
Retrieval
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Effortful Processing
Effortful Processing
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Automatic Processing
Automatic Processing
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Massed Rehearsal
Massed Rehearsal
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Acoustic Encoding
Acoustic Encoding
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Visual Encoding
Visual Encoding
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Semantic Encoding
Semantic Encoding
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Serial Position Effect
Serial Position Effect
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Primacy Effect
Primacy Effect
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Displacement
Displacement
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Recency Effect
Recency Effect
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Phoneme
Phoneme
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Ebbinghaus Curve of Forgetting
Ebbinghaus Curve of Forgetting
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Spacing Effect
Spacing Effect
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Morpheme
Morpheme
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Syntax
Syntax
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Interference
Interference
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Semantics
Semantics
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Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis
Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis
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Prosody
Prosody
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Deep Structure
Deep Structure
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Surface Structure
Surface Structure
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Generativity
Generativity
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Explicit Memory
Explicit Memory
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Implicit Memory
Implicit Memory
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Recall
Recall
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Recognition
Recognition
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Retrieval Cues
Retrieval Cues
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Priming
Priming
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Retrieval Failure
Retrieval Failure
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Mental Image
Mental Image
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Mental Concept
Mental Concept
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Language
Language
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Study Notes
Memory
- Memory is an active system for storing, organizing, altering, and receiving information.
- It retains learned information and prior experiences, but is selective.
Information Processing Theory of Memory
- Encoding: Getting information into the memory system.
- Storage: Retaining encoded information over time.
- Retrieval: Accessing stored information.
- Memory failures can occur at any of these steps.
A Simplified Model of Memory
- Sensory Memory: Briefly holds a copy of sensory input (visual=iconic, auditory=echoic).
- Short-Term (Working) Memory: Conscious memory; limited capacity (~7 bits) and duration (~20-30 seconds). Easily disrupted.
- Encoding:
- Effortful Processing: Requires conscious effort, strategies like rehearsal.
- Maintenance Rehearsal: Repeatedly repeating information.
- Elaborative Rehearsal: Connecting new information to existing knowledge.
- Distributed Rehearsal: Rehearsals over time are better than massed rehearsals.
- Automatic Processing: Occurs with little effort and awareness (e.g., events, order).
- Effortful Processing: Requires conscious effort, strategies like rehearsal.
Long-Term Memory
- Encoding Failure: Information may never be encoded into long-term memory.
- Rehearsal: Repetition aids encoding.
- Acoustic Encoding: Encoding by sound.
- Visual Encoding: Encoding by images.
- Semantic Encoding: Encoding by meaning (relating new info to existing knowledge is best).
- Serial Position Effect: Easier recall of items at the beginning and end of a list (primary and recency effects).
- Ebbinghaus Curve of Forgetting/Retention Curve: Forgetting is initially rapid, then levels off; distributed practice leads to better long-term retention.
Interference
- Proactive Interference: Earlier learning disrupts later learning.
- Retroactive Interference: Later learning disrupts earlier learning.
Encoding Specificity Principle
- Encoding context affects retrieval.
- Mood-congruent Memory: Memories are best retrieved when current mood matches mood at encoding.
- State-dependent Learning: Information is best recalled if the physiological state during retrieval matches that during encoding.
Long-Term Memory (LTM) Processes
- LTM: Stores vast amounts of information permanently, based on meaning and importance.
- Long-Term Potentiation (LTP): Repeated stimulation strengthens neural pathways. "Neurons that fire together, wire together."
- Network Model of LTM: Related ideas stored in nodes linked together in a network.
Constructive Processing
- Updating memories based on logic, guesses, new information.
- Memory reconstruction can lead to inaccuracies (including misinformation effects) and pseudo-memories.
Explicit vs. Implicit Memory
- Explicit (Declarative): Conscious memories of facts and experiences. (hippocampus).
- Implicit (Procedural): Memories of skills and motor responses. (cerebellum)
Source Amnesia and Infantile Amnesia
Recall vs. Recognition
- Recall: Retrieving information without cues.
- Recognition: Identifying information with cues.
Retrieval Cues
- Information encoded at same time as target information can act as cues for retrieval.
- Priming: Activating related associations in memory.
- Retrieval Failure: Forgetting due to inability to retrieve.
Improving Memory & The Seven Sins of Memory
- Transience: Fading memory over time
- Absent-Mindedness: Weak encoding, poor attention.
- Blocking: Difficulty retrieving known information.
- Misattribution: Linking memory to the wrong source.
- Suggestibility: Misinformation altering memories.
- Bias: Memories distorted by beliefs.
- Persistence: Unwanted memories.
Three Basic Forms of Cognition
- Mental Images: Sensory representations.
- Mental Concepts: Generalized ideas.
- Language: Rules for combining symbols.
Thinking in Mental Concepts (Schemas)
- Concepts: Categorization of objects/events.
- Prototypes: Best examples of concepts.
Insight and Problem Solving
- Insight: Sudden realization of a solution.
- Obstacles to Problem Solving:
- Framing: Presentation bias.
- Functional Fixedness: Limited view of object use.
- Belief Perseverance: Sticking to initial beliefs.
Problem Solving Strategies
- Trial and Error: Trying solutions sequentially.
- Algorithm: Systematic procedure guaranteed to find a solution.
- Heuristic: Shortcut strategy (representativeness/availability).
Patterns of Thinking
- Inductive Reasoning: Specific to general.
- Deductive Reasoning: General to specific.
Components of Creative Thinking
- Fluency: Number of suggestions.
- Flexibility: Shifting between idea categories.
- Originality: Uniqueness of suggestions.
Sternberg's Components of Creativity
Convergent vs. Divergent Thinking
- Convergent: Single answer, logical.
- Divergent: Multiple possibilities, creative.
Language
- Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis: Language shapes thought.
- Phoneme: Smallest unit of sound.
- Morpheme: Smallest unit of meaning.
- Grammar: Rules for combining sounds/words.
Language and the Brain
- Wernicke's Area: Understanding speech.
- Broca's Area: Producing speech.
Theories of Language Acquisition
- Behavioral Theory: Learning through reinforcement/imitation.
- Nativist Theory: Innate language acquisition device (LAD).
Noam Chomsky's Theory of Language
- Surface Structure: Literal words.
- Deep Structure: Underlying meaning.
Key Figures in Memory Study
- Elizabeth Loftus: Misinformation effect.
- Benjamin Whorf: Linguistic Relativity.
- Noam Chomsky: Nativist theory, language structure.
- B.F. Skinner: Behavioral theory of learning.
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Description
Explore the fundamentals of memory in this quiz based on the psychology chapter. Learn about the different types of memory, the information processing theory, and memory encoding strategies. Test your understanding of sensory, short-term, and long-term memory systems.
