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Questions and Answers
Which type of receptor is activated by glutamate alone?
Which type of receptor is activated by glutamate alone?
What substantial influx is allowed by the NMDA receptor channel?
What substantial influx is allowed by the NMDA receptor channel?
Sign language is governed by completely different principles than audible language.
Sign language is governed by completely different principles than audible language.
False
What is the field of study dedicated to understanding language?
What is the field of study dedicated to understanding language?
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Two types of changes that occur in the strength of connection between neurons is long-term _(1) and long-term (2).
Two types of changes that occur in the strength of connection between neurons is long-term _(1) and long-term (2).
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The main language regions for most people are located in the ______________.
The main language regions for most people are located in the ______________.
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The period during which the brain is most sensitive to language acquisition is called the ______________.
The period during which the brain is most sensitive to language acquisition is called the ______________.
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Why did Genie not acquire language?
Why did Genie not acquire language?
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Which neurons send messages directly to muscle fibers?
Which neurons send messages directly to muscle fibers?
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Regions of the brain that influence upper motor neurons include:
Regions of the brain that influence upper motor neurons include:
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Reflexes require input from the brain to respond to a stimulus.
Reflexes require input from the brain to respond to a stimulus.
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What neurotransmitter is released onto muscle fibers to cause contraction?
What neurotransmitter is released onto muscle fibers to cause contraction?
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The hamstring is a ______________ muscle while the quadricep is an ______________ muscle.
The hamstring is a ______________ muscle while the quadricep is an ______________ muscle.
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Which of the following best describes declarative memory?
Which of the following best describes declarative memory?
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Working memory is a type of ________________ that is important for immediate planning and problem solving.
Working memory is a type of ________________ that is important for immediate planning and problem solving.
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Which of the following are the three stages of memory?
Which of the following are the three stages of memory?
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Moving a short-term memory to long-term memory is called retrieval.
Moving a short-term memory to long-term memory is called retrieval.
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The process that can overwrite a long-term memory when accessed is known as:
The process that can overwrite a long-term memory when accessed is known as:
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Identify the brain region most associated with learning and maintaining procedural memories.
Identify the brain region most associated with learning and maintaining procedural memories.
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What type of fibers carry immediate, sharp pain signals?
What type of fibers carry immediate, sharp pain signals?
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Changes in the strength of communication between neurons during learning are known as:
Changes in the strength of communication between neurons during learning are known as:
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Learning and memory is thought to be mediated at least in part by ________________ receptors channels.
Learning and memory is thought to be mediated at least in part by ________________ receptors channels.
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Nociceptors are responsible for transmitting pain signals.
Nociceptors are responsible for transmitting pain signals.
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What substance is released into the spinal cord to modulate pain perception?
What substance is released into the spinal cord to modulate pain perception?
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Vertigo is often caused by crystals moving from the ______ to the ______.
Vertigo is often caused by crystals moving from the ______ to the ______.
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Which organ is important for receiving signals that assist with balance?
Which organ is important for receiving signals that assist with balance?
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Match the following cranial nerves to their functions in balance.
Match the following cranial nerves to their functions in balance.
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In what order are signals about incoming light processed in retinal layers?
In what order are signals about incoming light processed in retinal layers?
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Which part of the brain processes information about stimuli from the right visual world?
Which part of the brain processes information about stimuli from the right visual world?
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This type of neuron that is located in the premotor cortex shows activity when preparing for a movement and also when witnessing a movement.
This type of neuron that is located in the premotor cortex shows activity when preparing for a movement and also when witnessing a movement.
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This brain region is important for coordinating movements and damage to the region results in difficulty fine tuning movement.
This brain region is important for coordinating movements and damage to the region results in difficulty fine tuning movement.
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In the reflex circuit, the interneuron sends an inhibitory signal to the muscle so that it will not contract.
In the reflex circuit, the interneuron sends an inhibitory signal to the muscle so that it will not contract.
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A type of biological rhythm that intrinsically runs on a 24-hour cycle is called a _____________ rhythm.
A type of biological rhythm that intrinsically runs on a 24-hour cycle is called a _____________ rhythm.
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Some physiological measures that run on a 24-hour cycle are:
Some physiological measures that run on a 24-hour cycle are:
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The circadian clock, aka the _______________, is located in the ________________.
The circadian clock, aka the _______________, is located in the ________________.
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An animal that is often the subject when studying biological rhythms is the _____________.
An animal that is often the subject when studying biological rhythms is the _____________.
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A hormone known to promote feeling sleepy is:
A hormone known to promote feeling sleepy is:
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Receptors that sense odorants are located in dendrites of cells that are located in the:
Receptors that sense odorants are located in dendrites of cells that are located in the:
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Taste receptors are organized along the tongue based on their sensitivity to tastant categories, and each region is only responsive to that particular kind of taste.
Taste receptors are organized along the tongue based on their sensitivity to tastant categories, and each region is only responsive to that particular kind of taste.
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What is the process called when sensory stimuli are changed into electrical signals?
What is the process called when sensory stimuli are changed into electrical signals?
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The process of converting one type of signal to a brain readable signal involves the influx of _________ ions after activating receptor channels.
The process of converting one type of signal to a brain readable signal involves the influx of _________ ions after activating receptor channels.
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The pyriform cortex or primary olfactory cortex sends output to other regions that affect:
The pyriform cortex or primary olfactory cortex sends output to other regions that affect:
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Match the receptor gating to the sensory receptor:
Match the receptor gating to the sensory receptor:
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Sensory stimuli in the form of different types of energy (i.e., sound waves, light) is changed into electrical signals in a process called:
Sensory stimuli in the form of different types of energy (i.e., sound waves, light) is changed into electrical signals in a process called:
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Tastants bind receptors that are located in the:
Tastants bind receptors that are located in the:
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What type of language-related area is associated with the pragmatics of language, including intonation, rhythm, and pitch?
What type of language-related area is associated with the pragmatics of language, including intonation, rhythm, and pitch?
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Aphasia resulting from damage to Broca’s area is known as receptive aphasia.
Aphasia resulting from damage to Broca’s area is known as receptive aphasia.
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What phenomenon describes the strengthening of the connection between neurons that enhances communication?
What phenomenon describes the strengthening of the connection between neurons that enhances communication?
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Language overlaps with multiple neural systems, including (1), (2), and (3).
Language overlaps with multiple neural systems, including (1), (2), and (3).
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If damage occurs in Wernicke’s area, what type of aphasia will result?
If damage occurs in Wernicke’s area, what type of aphasia will result?
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Which ion does the NMDA receptor channel primarily allow for substantial influx?
Which ion does the NMDA receptor channel primarily allow for substantial influx?
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Producing and understanding sign language uses the same principles and pathways as audible language.
Producing and understanding sign language uses the same principles and pathways as audible language.
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Two types of changes in neuronal connections are long-term (1) and long-term (2).
Two types of changes in neuronal connections are long-term (1) and long-term (2).
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Study Notes
Memory and Learning
- Memory is categorized as declarative memory, which includes episodic and semantic memory.
- Skills and habits are another category of memory.
- Emotions and emotional responses are also a form of memory.
- Habituation and sensitization are distinct forms of memory.
- Working memory is a type of unstable, short-term memory essential in planning and problem-solving.
- Memory stages include encoding, storage, and retrieval.
- Consolidation is a process that moves short-term memories to long-term memories.
- The hippocampus is part of the memory process.
- Declarative memory involves explicit memories, while non-declarative memory (procedural memory) relates to implicit memories.
Brain Regions for Learning and Memory
- The basal ganglia are related to procedural memories associated with coordinated movement.
- Communication strength between neurons changes during learning and memory; this is called synaptic plasticity.
- Two types of changes in the connection between neurons are long-term potentiation (strengthening) and long-term depression (weakening).
Language
- Language is a critical feature of human communication.
- Language understanding is studied in linguistics.
- Sign language uses pathways like audible language, excluding sound wave energy.
- Language function relies on multiple neural regions (e.g., motor, emotion/affective, auditory).
Aphasia
- Aphasia results from brain damage, impacting language expression and/or comprehension.
- Broca's aphasia (expressive aphasia) is associated with damage to Broca's area.
- Wernicke's aphasia (receptive aphasia) involves damage to Wernicke's area.
- Language functions are primarily lateralized to the left hemisphere.
- Critical periods in development affect language acquisition.
Sleep
- Sleep is defined by brain activity patterns, measurable with EEG.
- Deeper sleep stages (slow-wave sleep) show slower frequencies and higher amplitudes in brain waves.
- REM sleep shows wave activity similar to the awake state.
- Sleep stages cycle throughout the night.
- Active brain activity occurs during sleep (memory consolidation and other processes).
- Sleep is essential for overall health, impacting disease risk.
- A hormone that promotes sleepiness is melatonin.
- The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the hypothalamus regulates the circadian rhythm.
- The sleep cycle involves different parts of the brain and their functions.
- External light cues affect internal physiological rhythms.
- The brain adjusts to external light cues; this is the reason for jet lag.
Sensory Systems
- Sensory receptors are located in the body's structures.
- Sensory organs and cranial nerves facilitate communication.
- Sensory pathways are involved in processing sensory input.
- Chemical and mechanoreceptors are sensory receptors.
- The central nervous system processes sensory information.
- Information about sensations is relayed to the brain.
- Tonotopic organization is involved in mapping sound frequencies to specific cells.
- Receptor cells process sensory information by initiating action potentials.
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Description
This quiz assesses your understanding of memory types, including declarative and non-declarative memory. It also explores the brain regions involved in learning processes and the stages of memory. Test your knowledge on essential concepts like synaptic plasticity and the role of the hippocampus.
