Answer Key Exam 2 PDF

First Name: ________________ Last Name: __________________ G#: ______________ Please answer the questions clearly. Misspellings in short answer or fill-in-the-blank questions that cause ambiguity will be counted as incorrect. 1. One category of memory is declarative memory and...

First Name: ________________ Last Name: __________________ G#: ______________ Please answer the questions clearly. Misspellings in short answer or fill-in-the-blank questions that cause ambiguity will be counted as incorrect. 1. One category of memory is declarative memory and includes: (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. Episodic and semantic b. Skills and habits c. Emotions and emotional responses d. Habituation and sensitization e. Non-conscious and conscious 2. Working memory is a type of ________________ that is important for immediate planning and problem solving: (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. Stable, long-term memory b. Consolidated memory c. Unstable, short-term memory d. Hippocampal memory e. Semantic memory 3. The three stages of memory include: (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. Encoding, rehearsal, long-term b. Encoding, storage, retrieval c. Consolidation, plasticity, hippocampus d. Semantic, episodic, procedural e. None of the above 4. Moving a short-term memory to long-term memory is called: (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. Stability b. Retrieval c. Sensory experience d. Hippocampus e. Consolidation 5. Accessing a long-term memory can make it less stable and theoretically could overwritten and stored differently in a process called: (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. Consolidation b. Reconsolidation c. Retrieval d. Hippocampus e. Encoding 6. A brain region most associated with learning and maintaining procedural memories that involve smooth practiced coordinated movement is the: (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. Basal ganglia b. Frontal lobe c. Hypothalamus d. Thalamus e. Occipital lobe 7. Learning and memory require changes in the strength of communication between neurons. This change is called (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. Synaptic cleft b. Pre-synapse and post-synapse c. Receptors d. Synaptic plasticity e. Action potential 8. Fill-in-the-blank (1 pt. each): Learning and memory is thought to be mediated at least in part by glutamate receptors channels. The ___AMPA__ (AMPA/NMDA) receptor is activated by glutamate alone and allows sodium ions in to depolarize the membrane. The second receptor, ___NMDA____ (AMPA/NMDA) requires both glutamate and a depolarized membrane to be activated. 9. One important feature of the NMDA receptor channel that further makes it different than other ionotropic channels is that it allows substantial influx of: (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. Potassium (K+) ions b. Sodium (K+) ions c. Chloride (Cl-) ions d. Calcium (Ca2+) ions e. Magnesium (Mg2+) ions 10. Fill-in-the-blank (1 pt. each): Two types of changes that occur in the strength of connection between neurons is long-term __depression_____, weakening the connection, and long-term ___potentiation______, which indicates increased strength. 11. Fill-in-the-blank (1 pt. each): Language is an important feature of human communication and the field of study dedicated to understanding it is called ___linguistics_____. 12. Producing and understanding sign language is governed by the same basic principles and pathways as audible language except that sign language is not based on sound wave energy. a. True b. False 13. Fill-in-the-blank (1 pt. each): Language is a complicated phenomenon and accesses multiple neural systems for appropriate function. List 3 systems that overlap with language circuits. ___motor______ ____emotion/affective_____ ___auditory_______ 14. A term that describes the pragmatics of language including intonation, rhythm and pitch is called: (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. Broca’s area b. Wernicke’s area c. Genetic predisposition d. Prosody e. Proteins 15. Aphasia is the loss of language expression and/or comprehension that results from brain damage. If damage occurs in Broca’s area the type of aphasia will be (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. Expressive aphasia b. Frontotemporal dementia c. Receptor aphasia d. Receptive aphasia e. None of the above 16. If damage occurs in Wernicke’s area the type of aphasia will be (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. Expressive aphasia b. Frontotemporal dementia c. Receptor aphasia d. Receptive aphasia e. None of the above 17. Fill-in-the-blank (1 pt. each): Studying language production and comprehension highlights the lateralization of the brain because for most people the main language regions are located in the: __left hemisphere____. (Single 2-word term; 1pt) 18. Fill-in-the-blank (1 pt. each): Often studied in language acquisition, but also important in the development of other systems, is the __critical period__ (Single 2-word term; 1 pt) when the brain is more sensitive to experiential or environmental input. 19. “Genie” was a young lady who did not acquire language due to: (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. Genetic mutation b. Low cognitive ability c. Insufficient experiential input d. Not enough grey matter e. She eventually acquired full language 20. The neurons that send messages directly to the muscle fibers are the: (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. Upper motor neurons b. Lower motor neurons c. Interneurons d. All of the above e. None of the above 21. Regions of the brain that are important for influencing activity of the upper motor neurons are: (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. Spinal cord, cerebellum b. Receptors, channels c. Mitochondria, receptors d. Nucleus, basal ganglia e. Basal ganglia, cerebellum 22. Upper motor neuron somas are located in the ______________ and lower motor neuron somas are located in the ___________________ (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. Spinal cord, primary motor cortex b. Primary motor cortex, spinal cord c. Basal ganglia, cerebellum d. Cerebellum, primary motor cortex e. Spinal cord, cerebellum 23. The neurotransmitter released onto muscle to illicit a contraction is: (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. Glutamate b. GABA c. Serotonin d. Acetylcholine e. Acetylcholinesterase 24. Reflexes required input from the brain to respond to a stimulus: (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. True b. False 25. (Fill-in-the-blank; 1 pt each): The hamstring and quadricep are an ___antagonistic___ muscle pair in which the hamstring is the __flexor___ (extensor/flexor) and the quadricep is the __extensor___ (extensor/flexor). 26. This type of neuron that is located in the premotor cortex shows activity when preparing for a movement and also when witnessing a movement (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. Input neurons b. Output neurons c. Mirror neurons d. Temporal neurons e. Occipital neurons 27. This brain region is important for coordinating movements and damage to the region results in difficulty fine tuning movement (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. Pons b. Parietal lobe c. Midbrain d. Medulla e. Cerebellum 28. In the reflex circuit, the interneuron sends an inhibitory signal to the muscle so that it will not contract. (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. True b. False 29. (Fill in the blank; 1 pt. each): A type of biological rhythm that intrinsically runs on a 24- hour cycle is called a _circadian__ rhythm while a cycle that is more specifically regulated by external cues such as the light and dark cycles is a __diurnal__ rhythm. 30. Some physiological measures that run on a 24-hour cycle are: (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. Blood pressure b. Temperature c. Hormone levels d. All of the above e. None of the above 31. The circadian clock, aka the _______________, is located in the ________________ (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. Hypothalamus, suprachiasmatic nucleus b. Suprachiasmatic nucleus, hypothalamus c. Hippocampus, hypothalamus d. Hippocampus, suprachiasmatic nucleus e. Thalamus, hypothalamus 32. An animal that is often the subject when studying biological rhythms is the _____________ because of its adherence to a 24-hour cycle even with little exposure to light cycles and its resistance to age-related disease (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. Rats b. Mice c. Naked mole rat d. Voles e. Zebrafish 33. A hormone known to promote feeling sleepy is: (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. Cortisol b. Melanopsin c. Melatonin d. Estrogen e. Hypocretin 34. A chemical released from neurons in the hypothalamus and is known to promote wakefulness: (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. Cortisol b. Melanopsin c. Melatonin d. Estrogen e. Hypocretin 35. A mechanism that regulates sleep patterns involves light activating this molecule in the retina. (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. Rods b. Cones c. Melatonin d. Melanopsin e. None of the above 36. A hormone released from here is partially responsible for promoting sleepiness in dark conditions such as after the sun sets. (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. Pituitary gland b. Adrenal gland c. Pineal gland d. Lymph nodes e. Parotid gland 37. Jet lag is thought be a result of mismatched external light cues and internal physiological rhythms (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. True b. False 38. Sleep is defined by brain activity patterns that are measured using this technique: (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. Functional MRI b. SPECT scan c. Electroencephalogram d. CT scan e. Positron emission tomography 39. As sleep becomes deeper, brain waves show patterns with: (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. Lower frequency, higher amplitude b. Higher frequency, lower amplitude c. Frequency stays the same, higher amplitude d. Lower frequency, lower amplitude e. Higher frequency, higher amplitude 40. (Fill-in-the-blank; 1 pt each): The __REM___ stage of sleep shows brain wave activity most similar to awake brain activity. 41. After brain activity changes from an awake state to a sleep state each stage of sleep occurs one time throughout the night until waking in the morning. a. True b. False 42. Awake brain activity shows a low level of ________ but this measure increases during sleep: (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. Excited b. Static c. Frequency d. Asynchronicity e. Synchronicity 43. This molecule is thought to accumulate throughout the day as energy is used and trigger receptors in the brain to promote sleepiness (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. Adenosine triphosphate b. Adenosine diphosphate c. Caffeine d. Adenosine e. Melanopsin 44. An effect of aging on sleep cycles is the overall increase in __________ and reduction of ___________ stage. (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. Deep sleep, REM b. REM, deep sleep c. Awake moments, REM d. Deep sleep, slow wave sleep e. REM, awake moments 45. Although all reasons for its necessity are not clear, all mammals sleep and a lack of sleep can result in increased chance for disease and even death. (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. True b. False 46. Give one KNOWN process that occurs during sleep. This answer should be very short – 1-2 words! (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): __waste clearance, memory consolidation, protein synthesis ___ 47. Sudden temporary loss of muscle function during an awake state is known as: (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. Paraplegia b. Cataplegia c. REM d. Cataplexy e. Narcolepsy 48. A sleep disorder marked by excessive daytime sleepiness that can stem from substantial sleep disturbances or loss of wakeful neurochemicals (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. Paraplegia b. Cataplegia c. REM d. Cataplexy e. Narcolepsy 49. Match each sense to the appropriate sensory component: (1pt each): ____B____ Hearing a. Otolith organs ____D____ Vision b. Cochlea ____A____ Balance c. Taste receptors ____E____ Pain d. Retina ____C____ Gustation e. Nociceptors 50. Sensation and perception are equivalent terms (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. True b. False 51. In the auditory system, this structure located in the middle ear is moved by sound waves from the environment. (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. Oval window b. Tympanic membrane c. Ossicles d. Concha e. Cochlea 52. (Fill in the blank; 1 pt. each): Hair cells located in an inner ear structure and are organized based on their ability to respond to specific frequencies. This type of mapping is called __tonotopic___. 53. Touch receptors are located on the dendrites of neurons that have cell bodies in the: (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. Spinal cord b. Somatosensory cortex c. Skin d. Dorsal root ganglia e. Motor cortex 54. Examples of receptors that are specialized to respond to mechanical manipulation include (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. Merkel cell receptors b. Meissner’s corpuscles c. Ruffini corpuscles d. All of the above e. None of the above 55. The homunculus is a representation of body within the somatosensory cortex that is proportional to the size of the corresponding region. (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. True b. False 56. (Fill in the blank; 1 pt. each): Fibers that carry pain signals include myelinated axons, __A𝛿_ that carry signals about immediate, sharp pain, and non-myelinated fibers ____C____ that carry delayed signals perceived as long-lasting dull pain. 57. Pain perception can be modulated by descending pathway through the release of _________ into the spinal cord: (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. Endogenous opioids b. Glutamate c. GABA d. Hypocretin e. Melatonin 58. A congenital disorder resulting in reduced or no pain sensation is caused by a mutation in a gene for a type of: (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. Nociceptor b. Sodium channel c. Touch receptor d. Potassium channel e. AMPA receptors 59. The organ important for receiving signals that assist with balance by signaling changes in head rotation and orientation relative to gravity is the: (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. Cochlea b. Retina c. Vestibular labyrinth d. Vestibular nerve e. Auditory nerve 60. Afferent signals important for balance travel along a cranial nerve called the: (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. Optic nerve b. Auditory nerve c. Vestibular nerve d. Cochlear nerve e. Vestibulocochlear nerve 61. Vertigo is a sensation of dizziness without movement that is often caused by crystals moving from the __________ to the ___________. (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. Otolith organs, semicircular canals b. Cochlea, otolith organs c. Semicircular canals, otolith organs d. Otolith organs, cochlea e. Incus, malleus 62. When light enters the eye, it stimulates opsins in the: (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. Corneal cells b. Retinal ganglion cells c. Photoreceptors d. Bipolar cells e. Optic nerve 63. Signals about incoming light are processed in the retinal layers in this order: (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. Retinal ganglia to bipolar cells to photoreceptors b. Bipolar cells to photoreceptors to retinal ganglia c. Retinal ganglia to photoreceptors to bipolar cells d. Photoreceptors to bipolar cells to retinal ganglia e. Retinal ganglia to fovea to photoreceptors 64. Information about stimuli in the right visual world is processed in the ____________ hemisphere because some of the optic nerve fibers cross at the ___________. (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. Left, suprachiasmatic nucleus b. Right, suprachiasmatic nucleus c. Left, corpus callosum. d. Right, optic chiasm e. Left, optic chiasm 65. Receptors that sense odorants are located in dendrites of cells that are located in the: (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. Olfactory bulb b. Olfactory epithelium c. Cribriform plate d. Nose e. Olfactory nerve 66. The pyriform cortex or primary olfactory cortex sends output to other regions that affect: (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. Perception of taste b. Memory c. Emotional responses d. Perception of smell only e. A, B, and C 67. Taste receptors are organized along the tongue based on their sensitivity to tastant categories and therefore each region is only responsive to that particular kind of taste. (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. True b. False 68. Tastants bind receptors that are located in the: (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. Saliva b. Insula c. Taste buds d. Amygdala e. Olfactory bulb 69. Sensory stimuli in the form of different types of energy (i.e., sound waves, light) is changed into __electrical__ signals that the brain can interpret in process called __transduction____. 70. The process of converting one type of signal to a brain readable signal involves the influx of _________ ions after activating receptor channels. (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. Potassium (K+) ions b. Chloride (Cl-) ions c. Calcium (Ca2+) ions d. Sodium (Na+) ions e. Magnesium (Mg2+) ions 71. Match the receptor gating to the sensory receptor (receptor types will be used more than once) (1pt each): ____A____ Hearing a. Mechanoreceptors ____B____ Olfaction b. Ligand gated receptors ____A____ Touch ____B____ Gustation ____A____ Balance 72. Match the primary cortices diagram below to the sensory system associated with it and name the lobe: (1pt each): A B C D F E Label Letter Lobe (P = parietal, O = Occipital, T = temporal, F = Frontal) Somatosensory cortex __B___ __P___ X = All counted as correct Gustatory cortex __C___ __X___ b/c some of these primary Olfactory cortex __F____ __X ___ cortices actually cross lobe Vestibular cortex __A___ __X ___ boundaries and while the image shows them in a Visual cortex __D___ __O___ particular lobe that isn’t Auditory __E___ __T___ totally correct.