Psychology Chapter on Memory and Conditioning
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Questions and Answers

What phenomenon occurs when similar colors are remembered as more dissimilar?

  • Swap errors
  • Episodic memory
  • Semantic memory
  • Memory distortion (correct)

What does hyperthymesia refer to in the context of memory?

  • The ability to remember specific events in great detail (correct)
  • The inability to forget certain memories
  • The advantage of forgetting excess information
  • The enhanced ability to recall semantic facts

Which type of memory is exemplified by remembering where food was buried, what was buried, and when it was buried?

  • Episodic memory (correct)
  • Implicit memory
  • Semantic memory
  • Working memory

What type of priming is demonstrated by recognizing 'Cats' as a word from a list of non-words?

<p>Perceptual associative priming (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which study found evidence that people can adjust visual memory to match the size of circles in specific locations?

<p>Brady and Alvarez 2022 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a skill?

<p>Driving a car (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the approximate number of letters correctly recalled in the whole report condition of Sperling's 1960 experiment?

<p>4 letters (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the partial report method in Sperling's experiment indicate about sensory memory?

<p>Sensory memory can recall only specific items upon cue. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which task involved recalling meaningless three-consonant syllables?

<p>Reading Span Task (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory task did Daneman and Carpenter focus on in their 1908 study?

<p>Reading span (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about habits is true?

<p>Habits are actions performed automatically in response to specific cues. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of memory is assessed in the Reading Span Task conducted by Daneman and Carpenter?

<p>Working memory capacity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actions is classified as a habit?

<p>Turning off the light when leaving a room (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one hypothesis explaining childhood amnesia?

<p>Autobiographical memories are not formed before age 3. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which age frame do people typically remember the most autobiographical memories?

<p>10-30 years (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes content-addressable memory in the context of storage and retrieval?

<p>Addresses are linked systematically to content. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect did the study by Godden and Baddeley (1975) illustrate regarding state-dependent retrieval?

<p>Sober testing leads to higher free recall than drug testing. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the findings regarding children's memory capabilities?

<p>Children as young as 9 months can demonstrate long-term recall. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential limitation of memories formed between ages 3 to 7?

<p>They are often formed but not retained. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In random access memory, which of the following most accurately describes a unit of information?

<p>Each address can store variable-length information. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes state-dependent retrieval from other forms of memory retrieval?

<p>It is dependent on the environment where learning occurred. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Childhood Amnesia

The phenomenon where adults have very few memories from their early childhood, specifically before the age of 3 and limited memories between the ages of 3-7.

Reminiscence Bump

The tendency for individuals to have a heightened number of memories from their adolescent and early adulthood years (roughly between the ages of 10-30).

Storage and Retrieval

The process of storing and retrieving information from memory. It involves encoding, storing, and retrieving information.

Random Access Memory

A type of memory system where each memory location has a unique address and can be accessed directly.

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Content-addressable Memory

A memory system where information is accessed based on its content rather than a fixed address.

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State-dependent Retrieval

The phenomenon where retrieving information is more successful when the individual is in the same state (physical or mental) as when the information was encoded.

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Classical Conditioning

A type of learning where a neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that naturally evokes a response, leading to the neutral stimulus also eliciting the response.

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Operant Conditioning

A type of learning where behaviors are strengthened or weakened based on their consequences.

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Sensory Memory

A type of memory that holds sensory information for a very brief period (milliseconds). It has a large capacity but quickly decays.

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Sperling 1960 Experiment

An experiment that demonstrated the existence of sensory memory using a partial report technique.

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Working Memory

A type of memory that holds a limited amount of information for a short period (seconds to minutes). It's involved in active processing and manipulation of information.

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Daneman and Carpenter 1980 Reading Span Task

A task that measures working memory capacity by requiring participants to read sentences and recall the last word of each sentence. It's also called the 'reading span task.'

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Skills and Habits

The ability to learn and retain new skills, such as playing a musical instrument or riding a bicycle.

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Henry Molaison

A famous case study of a patient who had his hippocampus removed, resulting in severe anterograde amnesia (inability to form new memories). This helped researchers understand the role of the hippocampus in memory.

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Swap Errors

The tendency to mistakenly recall an item from a different position in a sequence, such as when you swap the order of items stored in your working memory.

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Semantic Memory

A long-term memory system that stores general knowledge about the world, facts, concepts, and language. This includes things like knowing what a dog is, remembering the capital of France, or understanding how photosynthesis works.

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Episodic Memory

A type of long-term memory that stores personal experiences and events. This includes things like what you had for breakfast today, your first day of school, or a memorable vacation.

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Hyperthymesia

An extremely rare condition where individuals have an exceptional ability to remember very specific details about their past experiences, including seemingly mundane events. It's often referred to as 'photographic memory.'

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Study Notes

Quiz

  • A quiz was presented, likely online or in a slideshow format.

Grades

  • A variety of grades (C, B, A+) were displayed visually.

Memory

  • A presentation titled "Memory" was given on November 6, 2024.

Conditioning

  • The slideshow included a visual relating to a concept of conditioning.

Operant Conditioning

  • Images illustrating operant conditioning were present.
  • Rewards increase behavior, while punishment decreases it.

Classical Conditioning

  • Diagrams of classical conditioning, depicting stages from start to conditioned response, were included.

Skills and Habits

  • A slideshow section on "Skills and Habits" was presented.
  • Examples of skills included playing musical instruments, typing, riding a bicycle, swimming, driving, and handwriting.
  • Examples of habits involved brushing teeth, turning off lights, biting nails, and washing hands.

Henry Molaison

  • A picture of Henry Molaison was shown in a slide on skills and habits.

Mirror Tracing Task

  • Images illustrating a mirror tracing task were included in the slide on skills and habits.

Typing Test

  • Visual data from a typing test was presented.

Motor Sequence Learning

  • A graph displayed results of motor sequence learning, showing reaction times for random and repeating sequences.

Sensory Memory

  • Slides highlighting the concept of sensory memory were shown.
  • Various examples were given to demonstrate the concept, including an array of letters and the role of audio cues. Relevant research by Sperling was cited.

Working Memory

  • Slides were shown on Working Memory.

Reading Span Task

  • Research from Daneman and Carpenter (1980) was used to demonstrate memory working tasks.

More Working Memory

  • Additional memory tasks, using words and images, were presented and explained.

Peterson and Peterson (1959)

  • A graph detailing the results of the study by Peterson and Peterson (1959) on working memory was included.

Working Memory Examples

  • Slides illustrating different types of working memory tasks. These included examples on changing a mouse button.

Swap Errors

  • Slides presented research data on swap errors in working memory. Multiple graphs and diagrams on the related topic are present.

Working Memory: Swap Errors

  • Presentation on working memory and swap errors, with diagrams and detailed numerical measures.

Working Memory Experiment

  • A detailed set of diagrams illustrating an experimental design on working memory is shown. Specific tasks, times, conditions and methods are shown.

Working Memory Experiment Continued

  • More graphs and diagrams relating to the working memory tasks and experimental design were shown.

Semantic Memory

  • "Jeopardy" type presentations and examples of semantic memory were covered.
  • Providing examples of concepts, actions and word associations was demonstrated.

Childhood Amnesia

  • The presentation included slides on childhood amnesia, highlighting that adults typically have few autobiographical memories from before age 3, and possibly fewer from ages 3-7.
  • Two reasons for this were presented and relevant researched was cited.

Reminiscence Bump

  • Slides explaining the reminiscence bump, where people remember most events from ages 10-30, were shown.

Storage and Retrieval

  • This section presented random access memory, content addressable memory, and state-dependent retrieval.
  • Relevant concepts were illustrated using diagrams.
  • Research involving different environments and different conditions on memory tasks were used for demonstrations.

State-Dependent Retrieval

  • A table comparing free recall and cued recall based on the mental state during study and testing is presented, relating to the state-dependent retrieval of memory. A relevant study is mentioned.

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Memory PDF

Description

This quiz explores key concepts of memory, operant and classical conditioning, along with the development of skills and habits. It covers important figures in psychology such as Henry Molaison and highlights the dynamics of rewards and punishments in behavior modification. Test your understanding of these foundational topics in psychology.

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