Psychology Chapter on Learning and Memory
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Questions and Answers

What process is demonstrated when your ears convert sound waves into neural messages?

  • Subliminal messaging
  • Just noticeable difference
  • Transduction (correct)
  • Top-down processing

What type of reinforcement schedule is exhibited when Harold catches fish at unpredictable intervals?

  • Partial
  • Intermittent (correct)
  • Continuous
  • Secondary

Which part of the nervous system is responsible for conveying the pain Felicia feels from her thumb?

  • Merkel disks
  • Pacinian corpuscles
  • Ruffini corpuscles
  • Free nerve endings (correct)

What reinforcement schedule is used when Jemma praises her son every time he says thank you?

<p>Continuous (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of reinforcement does an organism experience when reinforced each time it displays a behavior?

<p>Continuous (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which example best illustrates procedural memory?

<p>How to use the phone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which experiment exemplifies operant conditioning?

<p>Rewarding a child for finishing oatmeal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What processes are encompassed by the term that includes perception, knowledge, and memory?

<p>Cognition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself compared to material with less personal relevance?

<p>self-reference effect (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of reinforcers are described as having innate reinforcing qualities?

<p>primary (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario is an example of stimulus generalization?

<p>laughing when seeing a top hat, then also laughing at other hats (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The encoding of words and their meanings is referred to as what kind of encoding?

<p>semantic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept is illustrated by participants failing to notice a red cross while focusing on either white or black objects?

<p>inattentional blindness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following illustrates operant conditioning?

<p>a dog getting a treat for playing dead (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does semantic memory refer to?

<p>knowledge of words and concepts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are schemata primarily used for?

<p>organizing information for efficiency (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phenomenon explains why Sarit could not remember the song playing on the jukebox despite familiarity?

<p>selective attention (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term semantics refer to?

<p>meaning derived from words (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of memory is characterized as a type of implicit memory that involves knowing how to perform tasks?

<p>procedural memory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of bones is responsible for transmitting sound vibrations from the eardrum to the cochlea?

<p>ossicles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the optic nerve?

<p>Carry visual information from the retina to the brain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of photoreceptors are primarily responsible for color perception in bright light conditions?

<p>cones (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of amnesia does Elaine experience after waking up in the hospital with no memories from before?

<p>retrograde (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should the statement regarding fluid intelligence be corrected?

<p>Change 'Fluid' to 'Crystallized' (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What alteration would make the statement 'There are three types of encoding: semantic, visual, and sensory.' true?

<p>change the word 'visual' to the word 'acoustic' (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of amnesia involves the inability to remember events that occurred before a trauma?

<p>retrograde amnesia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If someone struggles to navigate their spatial environment, which part of the brain is likely damaged?

<p>hippocampus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In classical conditioning, what type of association is primarily learned?

<p>neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ilayda's assumption about her professors exemplifies which cognitive bias?

<p>stereotype bias (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the probability of a behavior occurring again if it is reinforced?

<p>increases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a cochlear implant allow deaf individuals to hear?

<p>It receives incoming sound information and directly stimulates the cochlea and auditory nerve to transmit information to the brain. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory relates to temporary storage of brief events like sights, sounds, and tastes?

<p>sensory memory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is associated with higher amplitudes in sound?

<p>Higher; louder (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cognitive approach is exemplified by using a previously successful method that no longer works?

<p>Mental set (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following demonstrates acoustic encoding effectively?

<p>Humming a song's tune without lyrics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical age for babies to say their first word?

<p>12 months (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does hindsight bias demonstrate in Niaz's situation of his car breaking down?

<p>Hindsight bias (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of response is Khaleel's squirming and giggling when Grace whistles?

<p>conditioned response (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two components of declarative memory?

<p>semantic and episodic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best defines episodic memory?

<p>information about events we have personally experienced (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which photoreceptors will Wesley rely on most in a low-light situation?

<p>rods (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which example best illustrates semantic memory?

<p>the meaning of the word chocolate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Engram refers to which aspect of memory?

<p>physical structure that encodes a memory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of schema is a script of events we follow in familiar situations?

<p>event (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does stroking someone's hand exemplify?

<p>somatosensation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Retrograde Amnesia

A type of amnesia where a person loses past memories (before the injury or event) but can create new memories.

Anterograde Amnesia

The inability to form new memories.

Encoding

Encoding is the process of converting information into a form that can be stored in memory. It's like taking a picture and storing it in your memory album.

Semantic Encoding

A type of encoding that involves storing the meaning of information, like the definition of a word.

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Visual Encoding

Storing information based on what it looks like. This memory relies on how information appears visually.

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Acoustic Encoding

Storing information based on how it sounds, like remembering a tune.

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Hippocampus

The part of the brain that is involved in forming new memories, especially spatial memories and memories for facts.

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Availability Heuristic

Refers to a type of bias where we overestimate the likelihood of events based on how easily they come to mind.

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Transduction

The process of converting sensory information into neural signals that the brain can understand.

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Classical Conditioning

A type of learning that involves associating a neutral stimulus with a meaningful one, leading to a conditioned response.

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Operant Conditioning

A type of learning where behaviors are modified based on their consequences. Reinforcement increases the likelihood of a behavior, while punishment decreases it.

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Procedural Memory

A memory system responsible for remembering how to perform skills and procedures. It's often called "muscle memory."

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Continuous Reinforcement

A type of reinforcement schedule where a behavior is reinforced every single time it occurs.

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Intermittent Reinforcement

A type of reinforcement schedule where a behavior is reinforced only some of the time. This can lead to stronger and more persistent learning.

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Recall Memory

A type of memory where you have to actively retrieve information from your mind. This is often tested through recall questions.

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Just Noticeable Difference (JND)

The smallest difference between two stimuli that a person can detect.

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Mental Set

The tendency to approach a problem using a method that has worked before, even if it's no longer appropriate.

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Anchoring Bias

The tendency to use the first piece of information we encounter as a starting point for our judgments, even if it's not relevant.

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Functional Fixedness

The inability to see or use an object in a way that is different from its typical function.

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Self-reference effect

The tendency to remember information better when it is personally relevant.

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Primary reinforcers

Reinforcers that are naturally rewarding and do not require learning. For example, food, water, and sex.

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Stimulus generalization

When a conditioned response is triggered by stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus. For example, a dog conditioned to salivate at the sound of a bell might also start salivating at the sound of a chime.

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Inattentional blindness

The failure to notice a visible object when our attention is focused elsewhere.

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Schema

A mental framework or structure that helps us organize and interpret information. It's a mental model of a concept.

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Self-reference effect

The tendency for information that relates to oneself to be better remembered compared to less personal information.

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Conditioned Response

A learned response to a previously neutral stimulus.

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Unconditioned Stimulus

The original, naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an automatic response.

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Unconditioned Response

The natural, automatic response to an unconditioned stimulus.

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Semantic Memory

Knowledge about facts, concepts, and language-based knowledge.

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Episodic Memory

Memories of personal experiences and events that happened in a specific time and place.

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Engram

The physical changes in the brain that are associated with a particular memory.

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Selective Attention

This is a type of attention where we focus on specific information, ignoring other stimuli, like when Sarit tunes out the background noise at the jukebox.

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Semantics

Meaning derived from words or language.

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Ossicles

These small bones transmit sound vibrations from the eardrum to the cochlea, allowing us to hear.

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Optic Nerve

This nerve carries visual information from the retina to the brain, allowing us to see.

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Cones

Cones are photoreceptors in the eye that are most sensitive to color and detail, especially in bright light.

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Fluid Intelligence

This type of intelligence refers to the ability to reason, problem-solve, and use new information effectively. It's not based on prior knowledge but on the ability to think flexibly and adapt.

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Study Notes

Question 1

  • Elaine experiences amnesia after a head injury
  • She has no memories from before being hospitalized
  • Amnesia type is anterograde

Question 2

  • The sentence "There are three types of encoding: semantic, visual, and sensory" is incorrect
  • Change "semantic" to "memory"
  • Change "encoding" to "decoding"
  • Change "visual" to "acoustic"
  • Change "sensory" to "acoustic"

Question 3

  • Ilayda assumes professors spend free time reading and conversing
  • She stereotypes professors
  • This is an example of confirmation bias

Question 4

  • Classical conditioning involves learned associations
  • The association learned is between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

Question 5

  • Ilayda's assumptions about professors reflect stereotypes
  • This is an example of confirmation bias

Question 6

  • Reinforcement increases the probability of a behavior
  • The likelihood of behavior depends on the species.

Question 7

  • A cochlear implant converts sound (information) into neural signals
  • These signals stimulate the auditory nerve and transmit information to the brain

Question 8

  • Sensory memory stores brief sensory events
  • Examples include sights, sounds, and tastes

Question 9

  • Transduction converts energy from one form to another
  • Sound waves are converted to neural messages in the ear

Question 10

  • Question number 10 is missing from the provided text

Question 11

  • Felicia experiences pain due to free nerve endings

Question 12

  • Jemma uses a continuous reinforcement schedule to teach her son to say "thank you"
  • Positive reinforcement is given after every desired behavior.

Question 13

  • Continuous reinforcement involves reinforcing a behavior every time it occurs
  • This strengthens the behavior

Question 14

  • Remembering how to use a phone is a form of procedural memory
  • It involves learned skills and actions

Question 15

  • The experiment involving pairing a puff of air with a colour aims to determine the number of repetitions needed for conditioning to occur
  • This involves operant conditioning

Question 16

  • Cognition involves processes related to perception, knowledge
  • Problem-solving, judgment, language, and memory

Question 17

  • The tendency of people to remember information better related to themselves is due to the self-reference effect
  • People remember material more easily when it is related to them

Question 18

  • Primary reinforcers are innately reinforcing
  • Examples include food, water, or shelter

Question 19

  • Stimulus generalization is responding similarly to similar stimuli
  • An example of stimulus generalization is laughing at different kinds of hats

Question 20

  • Encoding of words and meaning is semantic encoding

Question 21

  • Inattentional blindness occurs when a person fails to notice unexpected stimuli
  • E.g., subjects in a visual task may fail to notice a red cross

Question 22

  • Operant conditioning involves learning through consequences
  • A dog playing dead for a reward is an example of operant conditioning

Question 23

  • Semantic memory is about facts, knowledge, and concepts
  • Information is language-based and experienced personally

Question 24

  • The ossicles are responsible for transmitting vibrations from the eardrum to the cochlea

Question 25

  • Schemas organize information, allowing the brain to process efficiently

Question 26

  • Semantics includes the meaning of words

Question 27

  • Procedures memory is the memory of how to do things
  • A type of implicit memory storing information about how to do things.

Question 28

  • The ossicles transmit sound vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear

Question 29

  • The optic nerve carries visual information from the retina to the brain

Question 30

  • Cones are used more than rods for rainbow perception

Question 31

  • Question 31 is missing from the provided text

Question 32

  • Amnesia involves loss of memory after trauma
  • Retrograde amnesia is memory loss before trauma
  • Anterograde amnesia is memory loss after trauma

Question 33

  • Squirming and giggling are a conditioned response
  • The association between the tickling and the response is conditioned

Question 34

  • Declarative memory includes episodic and semantic memory

Question 35

  • Episodic memory involves personally experienced events

Question 36

  • Rods are most useful when there's low illumination
  • Rods in the eye are more sensitive to light and are better in dim light.

Question 37

  • Remembering what the word "chocolate" means involves semantic memory

Question 38

  • Question 38 is missing from the provided text

Question 39

  • Schemas are mental frameworks representing frequently occurring events

Question 40

  • Smelling cookies in the oven is olfactory processing

Question 41

  • Somatosensation is the sense of touch

Question 42

  • Using multiple-choice tests relies on retrieval from long-term memory

Question 43

  • Question 43 is missing from the provided text

Question 44

  • Acoustic encoding deals with sounds

Question 45

  • Trial and error involves repeated attempts to solve problems

Question 46

  • Acoustic encoding includes remembering tunes and the sounds of things

Question 47

  • Babies typically speak their first words around 12 months

Question 48

  • Hindsight bias involves overestimating how predictable events were

Question 49

  • Prototypes are the best example of concepts

Question 50

  • Social learning theory involves learning from observing others

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Description

Test your knowledge on key concepts in psychology, focusing on learning theories, types of reinforcement, memory processes, and the nervous system's function. This quiz covers various topics including operant conditioning, procedural memory, and reinforcement schedules.

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