Psychology Chapter on Learning and Memory

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Questions and Answers

What process is demonstrated when your ears convert sound waves into neural messages?

Subliminal messaging

Just noticeable difference

Transduction (correct)

Top-down processing

What type of reinforcement schedule is exhibited when Harold catches fish at unpredictable intervals?

Partial

Intermittent (correct)

Continuous

Secondary

Which part of the nervous system is responsible for conveying the pain Felicia feels from her thumb?

Merkel disks

Pacinian corpuscles

Ruffini corpuscles

Free nerve endings (correct)

What reinforcement schedule is used when Jemma praises her son every time he says thank you?

Continuous Signup and view all the answers

What type of reinforcement does an organism experience when reinforced each time it displays a behavior?

Continuous Signup and view all the answers

Which example best illustrates procedural memory?

How to use the phone Signup and view all the answers

Which experiment exemplifies operant conditioning?

Rewarding a child for finishing oatmeal Signup and view all the answers

What processes are encompassed by the term that includes perception, knowledge, and memory?

Cognition Signup and view all the answers

What is the tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself compared to material with less personal relevance?

self-reference effect Signup and view all the answers

Which type of reinforcers are described as having innate reinforcing qualities?

primary Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario is an example of stimulus generalization?

laughing when seeing a top hat, then also laughing at other hats Signup and view all the answers

The encoding of words and their meanings is referred to as what kind of encoding?

semantic Signup and view all the answers

Which concept is illustrated by participants failing to notice a red cross while focusing on either white or black objects?

inattentional blindness Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following illustrates operant conditioning?

a dog getting a treat for playing dead Signup and view all the answers

What does semantic memory refer to?

knowledge of words and concepts Signup and view all the answers

What are schemata primarily used for?

organizing information for efficiency Signup and view all the answers

Which phenomenon explains why Sarit could not remember the song playing on the jukebox despite familiarity?

selective attention Signup and view all the answers

What does the term semantics refer to?

meaning derived from words Signup and view all the answers

Which type of memory is characterized as a type of implicit memory that involves knowing how to perform tasks?

procedural memory Signup and view all the answers

Which group of bones is responsible for transmitting sound vibrations from the eardrum to the cochlea?

ossicles Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the optic nerve?

Carry visual information from the retina to the brain Signup and view all the answers

Which type of photoreceptors are primarily responsible for color perception in bright light conditions?

cones Signup and view all the answers

What type of amnesia does Elaine experience after waking up in the hospital with no memories from before?

retrograde Signup and view all the answers

How should the statement regarding fluid intelligence be corrected?

Change 'Fluid' to 'Crystallized' Signup and view all the answers

What alteration would make the statement 'There are three types of encoding: semantic, visual, and sensory.' true?

change the word 'visual' to the word 'acoustic' Signup and view all the answers

Which type of amnesia involves the inability to remember events that occurred before a trauma?

retrograde amnesia Signup and view all the answers

If someone struggles to navigate their spatial environment, which part of the brain is likely damaged?

hippocampus Signup and view all the answers

In classical conditioning, what type of association is primarily learned?

neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus Signup and view all the answers

Ilayda's assumption about her professors exemplifies which cognitive bias?

stereotype bias Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the probability of a behavior occurring again if it is reinforced?

increases Signup and view all the answers

How does a cochlear implant allow deaf individuals to hear?

It receives incoming sound information and directly stimulates the cochlea and auditory nerve to transmit information to the brain. Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory relates to temporary storage of brief events like sights, sounds, and tastes?

sensory memory Signup and view all the answers

What is associated with higher amplitudes in sound?

Higher; louder Signup and view all the answers

Which cognitive approach is exemplified by using a previously successful method that no longer works?

Mental set Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following demonstrates acoustic encoding effectively?

Humming a song's tune without lyrics Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical age for babies to say their first word?

12 months Signup and view all the answers

What does hindsight bias demonstrate in Niaz's situation of his car breaking down?

Hindsight bias Signup and view all the answers

What type of response is Khaleel's squirming and giggling when Grace whistles?

conditioned response Signup and view all the answers

What are the two components of declarative memory?

semantic and episodic Signup and view all the answers

What best defines episodic memory?

information about events we have personally experienced Signup and view all the answers

Which photoreceptors will Wesley rely on most in a low-light situation?

rods Signup and view all the answers

Which example best illustrates semantic memory?

the meaning of the word chocolate Signup and view all the answers

Engram refers to which aspect of memory?

physical structure that encodes a memory Signup and view all the answers

What type of schema is a script of events we follow in familiar situations?

event Signup and view all the answers

What does stroking someone's hand exemplify?

somatosensation Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Question 1

Elaine experiences amnesia after a head injury
She has no memories from before being hospitalized
Amnesia type is anterograde

Question 2

The sentence "There are three types of encoding: semantic, visual, and sensory" is incorrect
Change "semantic" to "memory"
Change "encoding" to "decoding"
Change "visual" to "acoustic"
Change "sensory" to "acoustic"

Question 3

Ilayda assumes professors spend free time reading and conversing
She stereotypes professors
This is an example of confirmation bias

Question 4

Classical conditioning involves learned associations
The association learned is between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

Question 5

Ilayda's assumptions about professors reflect stereotypes
This is an example of confirmation bias

Question 6

Reinforcement increases the probability of a behavior
The likelihood of behavior depends on the species.

Question 7

A cochlear implant converts sound (information) into neural signals
These signals stimulate the auditory nerve and transmit information to the brain

Question 8

Sensory memory stores brief sensory events
Examples include sights, sounds, and tastes

Question 9

Transduction converts energy from one form to another
Sound waves are converted to neural messages in the ear

Question 10

Question number 10 is missing from the provided text

Question 11

Felicia experiences pain due to free nerve endings

Question 12

Jemma uses a continuous reinforcement schedule to teach her son to say "thank you"
Positive reinforcement is given after every desired behavior.

Question 13

Continuous reinforcement involves reinforcing a behavior every time it occurs
This strengthens the behavior

Question 14

Remembering how to use a phone is a form of procedural memory
It involves learned skills and actions

Question 15

The experiment involving pairing a puff of air with a colour aims to determine the number of repetitions needed for conditioning to occur
This involves operant conditioning

Question 16

Cognition involves processes related to perception, knowledge
Problem-solving, judgment, language, and memory

Question 17

The tendency of people to remember information better related to themselves is due to the self-reference effect
People remember material more easily when it is related to them

Question 18

Primary reinforcers are innately reinforcing
Examples include food, water, or shelter

Question 19

Stimulus generalization is responding similarly to similar stimuli
An example of stimulus generalization is laughing at different kinds of hats

Question 20

Encoding of words and meaning is semantic encoding

Question 21

Inattentional blindness occurs when a person fails to notice unexpected stimuli
E.g., subjects in a visual task may fail to notice a red cross

Question 22

Operant conditioning involves learning through consequences
A dog playing dead for a reward is an example of operant conditioning

Question 23

Semantic memory is about facts, knowledge, and concepts
Information is language-based and experienced personally

Question 24

The ossicles are responsible for transmitting vibrations from the eardrum to the cochlea

Question 25

Schemas organize information, allowing the brain to process efficiently

Question 26

Semantics includes the meaning of words

Question 27

Procedures memory is the memory of how to do things
A type of implicit memory storing information about how to do things.

Question 28

The ossicles transmit sound vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear

Question 29

The optic nerve carries visual information from the retina to the brain

Question 30

Cones are used more than rods for rainbow perception

Question 31

Question 31 is missing from the provided text

Question 32

Amnesia involves loss of memory after trauma
Retrograde amnesia is memory loss before trauma
Anterograde amnesia is memory loss after trauma

Question 33

Squirming and giggling are a conditioned response
The association between the tickling and the response is conditioned

Question 34

Declarative memory includes episodic and semantic memory

Question 35

Episodic memory involves personally experienced events

Question 36

Rods are most useful when there's low illumination
Rods in the eye are more sensitive to light and are better in dim light.

Question 37

Remembering what the word "chocolate" means involves semantic memory

Question 38

Question 38 is missing from the provided text

Question 39

Schemas are mental frameworks representing frequently occurring events

Question 40

Smelling cookies in the oven is olfactory processing

Question 41

Somatosensation is the sense of touch

Question 42

Using multiple-choice tests relies on retrieval from long-term memory

Question 43

Question 43 is missing from the provided text

Question 44

Acoustic encoding deals with sounds

Question 45

Trial and error involves repeated attempts to solve problems

Question 46

Acoustic encoding includes remembering tunes and the sounds of things

Question 47

Babies typically speak their first words around 12 months

Question 48

Hindsight bias involves overestimating how predictable events were

Question 49

Prototypes are the best example of concepts

Question 50

Social learning theory involves learning from observing others

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Description

Test your knowledge on key concepts in psychology, focusing on learning theories, types of reinforcement, memory processes, and the nervous system's function. This quiz covers various topics including operant conditioning, procedural memory, and reinforcement schedules.