Psychology Chapter on Intelligence Testing

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Questions and Answers

What is the purpose of standardization in intelligence testing?

  • To establish norms against which individual scores are compared (correct)
  • To measure the validity of a test's results
  • To create various intelligence theories
  • To ensure that tests have a high degree of reliability

What does reliability in test construction refer to?

  • The statistical significance of test scores
  • The consistency of test results over repeated administrations (correct)
  • The range of intelligence scores in the population
  • The test's ability to measure intelligence accurately

Which psychologist proposed the concept of 'G Factor' or General Intelligence?

  • Charles Spearman (correct)
  • Howard Gardner
  • Alfred Binet
  • Louis L. Thurstone

Which of the following is NOT one of the basic requirements for good test design?

<p>Flexibility (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Howard Gardner, intelligence is best defined as:

<p>The capability to solve culturally valued problems (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Normal Curve represents:

<p>The distribution of individual differences in a normal population (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What theorist believed intelligence comprises seven independent abilities?

<p>Louis L. Thurstone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of intelligence testing does validity specifically address?

<p>The accuracy of what a test measures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the field of intelligence testing, which statement reflects a common belief?

<p>There are multiple forms of intelligence. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children was updated in which year?

<p>1991 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the intelligence tests developed by Alfred Binet?

<p>Evaluating elementary mental abilities (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is mental age defined in the context of intelligence testing?

<p>The average abilities of a given age group (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the name of the intelligence scale that Lewis Terman adapted from Binet's work?

<p>The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Lewis Terman's research, children with an IQ above 140 generally exhibited which characteristic?

<p>They were usually taller and stronger (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of intelligence did David Wechsler emphasize in his understanding of IQ scores?

<p>The influence of personality and cultural factors on IQ scores (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary structure of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for adults?

<p>11 subtests measuring different mental abilities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do IQ scores predominantly predict, according to the findings regarding high IQ children?

<p>Academic success in school (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does NOT reflect David Wechsler's belief about intelligence?

<p>IQ scores are the only measure of intelligence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the performance score in the Wechsler intelligence test?

<p>To evaluate cognitive abilities through non-verbal tasks (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of the Stanford-Binet test?

<p>Expression of intelligence through a single IQ score (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Intelligence (Wechsler's definition)

The capacity to think rationally, act purposefully, and deal effectively with the environment.

Binet-Simon Intelligence Test

A series of tests designed to assess different mental abilities, such as memory, attention, and problem-solving.

Mental age

A measurement of intelligence that expresses an individual's mental level in terms of the average abilities of a specific age group.

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale

The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, an adaptation of Binet's test, uses scores to measure intelligence.

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Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

A global measure of intelligence, calculated by comparing an individual's score to the scores of others in the same age group.

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Terman's Gifted Children Study

A longitudinal study investigating the relationship between high IQ and success in life, conducted by Lewis M. Terman.

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Does high IQ predict success?

High intelligence can contribute to success in life, but it is not the only factor. Other aspects like personality, motivation, and cultural factors influence success.

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Wechsler's view of intelligence

Wechsler believed intelligence involves diverse mental abilities. He also highlighted the influence of personality, motivation, and culture on IQ scores.

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Wechsler Intelligence Scale

An intelligence test designed for adults, measuring a variety of mental abilities through 11 subtests, categorized into verbal and performance scores.

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Verbal score

One of the major components of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale, focusing on verbal skills and knowledge, including vocabulary, comprehension, and general information.

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Performance Score

A score on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale that focuses on non-verbal problem solving skills, visual-spatial abilities, and motor coordination.

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Standardization

The practice of giving a test to a large group of people under consistent conditions to establish average scores and a range of typical variation. This allows for comparing individual scores to the broader population.

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Reliability

A specific measure of how consistently a test produces the same results when administered multiple times.

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Validity

The extent to which a test accurately measures what it is intended to measure.

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Normal Curve

A bell-shaped curve that visually represents the distribution of scores for a trait like intelligence in a normal population. Most scores cluster around the average, with fewer scores at the extremes (very high or very low).

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Normal Curve of Distribution of IQ

The tendency for intelligence scores to cluster around the average score, similar to a bell-shaped curve.

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Reliability

The ability of a test to give consistent results when administered on different occassions under similar conditions.

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Validity

The ability of a test to measure what it is intended to measure.

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G Factor

The idea that intelligence is a single, general mental ability that underlies performance on all tasks.

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Study Notes

Intelligence Defined

  • David Wechsler defined intelligence as the overall capacity to think rationally, act purposefully, and effectively interact with the environment.

Development of Intelligence Tests

  • Alfred Binet, with Theodore Simon, developed procedures to identify students needing extra support.
  • They created tests measuring various mental skills, focusing on fundamental abilities like memory, attention, and recognizing similarities/differences.

Mental Age

  • Binet's work introduced the concept of mental age, which differs from a child's chronological age.
  • Mental age is a measure of intelligence, expressing an individual's mental level based on the average abilities of their age group.

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale

  • Lewis Terman adapted Binet's test, naming it the Stanford-Binet intelligence scale.
  • Scores are expressed as an Intelligence Quotient (IQ).

Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

  • IQ is a measure of overall intelligence, calculated by comparing an individual's score to the average score of others in the same group.

High IQ and Success

  • Lewis Terman's longitudinal study of children with high IQs (above 140) showed they tended to be well-adjusted socially.
  • These children also exhibited taller, stronger, and healthier features than average children.
  • However, high intelligence doesn't guarantee success; other factors play a role in life achievements beyond school success.

Wechsler's Perspective

  • David Wechsler (1896-1981) believed intelligence involved many mental skills.
  • He also thought IQ scores could be affected by personality, motivation, and cultural variables.
  • He developed the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for adults.

Wechsler Intelligence Scale

  • Intended specifically for adults, rather than children.
  • Includes 11 subtests covering various abilities.
  • Subtest scores are gathered to create an overall verbal score, and performance score.

Wechsler Verbal Skills

  • Vocabulary
  • Comprehension
  • Knowledge of general information
  • Other verbal tasks

Wechsler Performance Skills

  • Identifying missing components in incomplete pictures.
  • Arranging pictures to tell stories.
  • Arranging blocks to follow given patterns.

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children

  • The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-III) designed in 1991 measures intelligence in children from 6 to 16 years.
  • The WISC-IV is the revised version of 2003.

Intelligence Test Principles

  • Three essential elements of reliable tests:
    • Standardization : The test is given to a large, representative sample of people under uniform conditions to generate norms against which individual scores are interpreted. IQ test norms follow a normal curve or normal distribution.
    • Reliability: The ability of a test to give consistent results under the same conditions when administered repeatedly.
    • Validity: The ability of a test to measure what it is intended to measure.

The Normal Curve (Normal Distribution)

  • The bell-shaped normal distribution illustrates how most scores cluster around average in a typical population.
  • IQ scores generally follow a normal curve, indicating similar clusters among the scores in a population.

Nature of Intelligence

  • Psychologists disagree on the essential nature of intelligence, including whether it's a single, general ability or if it incorporates talents, skills, and mental aptitude.

Theories of Intelligence

  • Charles Spearman: Proposed "general intelligence" (g factor) underpinning overall mental ability.
  • Louis Thurstone: Believed intelligence comprises several distinct, independent "primary mental abilities".
  • Howard Gardner: Argued for "multiple intelligences", each relevant within different cultural settings.
  • Robert Sternberg: Described analytic, creative, and practical intelligence.

Roles of Genetics and Environment

  • Both genetics and the environment influence intelligence.
  • Twin studies demonstrate a strong genetic influence, suggesting identical twins raised together have highly correlated IQ scores, and those raised apart have slightly less similar IQs.

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