Psychology Chapter on Hunger and Relationships

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Questions and Answers

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, what typically occurs before an individual seeks higher-level goals?

  • Higher-level goals are always sought before fulfilling basic needs
  • An individual will prioritize higher-level goals when they can't meet basic needs.
  • Basic needs should be satisfied. (correct)
  • An individual will skip basic needs if focusing on higher goals.

What was a finding of the study where men's food intake was cut in half?

  • The men had a decreased interest in food.
  • The men's motivations and planning for the future decreased
  • The men became obsessed with food. (correct)
  • The men did not change their eating habits.

What physiological change is detected by liver sensors to initiate hunger?

  • Increase in peptides sent into bloodstream
  • Increase in stored nutrients
  • Decrease in blood glucose levels (correct)
  • Increase in blood glucose levels

What process stops the feeling of hunger?

<p>Distention of the stomach and intestines and detection of peptides. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the hypothalamus in regulating hunger?

<p>It sends out both appetite-stimulating and appetite-suppressing hormones. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the connection between the hypothalamus and Prader-Willi Syndrome?

<p>It is related to dysfunction of the hypothalamus. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of receptors throughout the digestive system related to hunger?

<p>They monitor glucose levels and send signals to the hypothalamus. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered to be a signal of hunger?

<p>Peptides being sent into the bloodstream. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT directly cited as a cultural factor contributing to increased weight?

<p>Genetic predispositions to obesity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, which attachment style is characterized by distrust of others and avoidance of close relationships?

<p>Avoidant (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes the 'proximity effect' in the context of love and relationships?

<p>Geographically close individuals are more likely to form relationships. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, what is the primary contrast between how men and women tend to express love?

<p>Women are more likely to express love verbally, while men express it through actions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is described as a key characteristic of 'companionate love'?

<p>Deeply felt affection and trust. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided information, with respect to body image, in certain cultures, fatness in women may be seen as a sign of:

<p>Sexual desirability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 'similarity effect' in relationships suggests that people are most often attracted to others who are:

<p>Similar in looks, attitudes, and beliefs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What two neurotransmitters or hormones are mentioned regarding their involvement in pleasure and reward, in the context of mother-baby and adult bonds?

<p>Oxytocin and endorphins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering the content, what is a possible consequence of cultural ideals for women becoming increasingly thinner?

<p>Shift in weight norms that impacts women's self-perception (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which combination of components is most associated to describe 'love' according to the provided information?

<p>Passion, intimacy and commitment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory states that physiological responses to an event are interpreted by individuals as emotions?

<p>James-Lange Theory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Facial-feedback theory suggest about facial expressions?

<p>They both express emotions and enhance emotional arousal. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of emotions, what is the primary role of cognitive functions?

<p>To help retrieve and organize memories. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Schachter and Singer’s Two-Factor Theory, what primarily determines the emotion experienced?

<p>The interpretation of the physiological reaction. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does cognitive appraisal play according to Lazarus's cognitive-mediational theory?

<p>It mediates between environmental stimuli and emotional reactions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated number of people to whom Herb's STI could spread based on the given scenario?

<p>511 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT correlated with sexual restraint according to the provided information?

<p>Regular exercise habits (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which dimension is NOT part of the definition of sexual orientation?

<p>Career choice (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of females is estimated to have a homosexual orientation?

<p>1.4% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor is mentioned as having little to no support regarding sexual preference origins?

<p>Parenting behaviors (A), Childhood abuse (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between sexual orientation and mental health mentioned in the information?

<p>Homosexual individuals are more likely to be depressed regardless of societal acceptance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does being born after a brother have on sexual orientation in men?

<p>It increases the likelihood of being gay. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In certain species, homosexual behavior is documented. Which of the following species is known for high rates of such interactions?

<p>Pygmy chimpanzees (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical difference is observed on average between heterosexual men and gay men?

<p>The size of a specific cell cluster in the hypothalamus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Alfred Adler, besides food and sex, what do people need to thrive?

<p>Community and connection. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the need to belong help build according to the content?

<p>Self-esteem. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential negative outcome of the need to belong?

<p>Changing appearance for acceptance. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can social networking influence connection according to the content?

<p>It may become a compulsive behavior. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can make work feel more fulfilling beyond just earning money?

<p>Achieving personal goals and a sense of calling. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the tension between personal needs and social needs?

<p>There is a balance between 'me' and 'us'. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Middle English, to be wretched refers to what condition?

<p>Being without kin nearby. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the set point in relation to body weight?

<p>A genetically influenced weight range for an individual (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors does NOT contribute to an individual's eating behavior?

<p>The amount of exercise performed daily (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much of the variation in body mass is accounted for by genetics?

<p>40-70% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What adaptive significance does developing a taste for salt and spice have in warm climates?

<p>They preserve food from decomposition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might individuals develop a food aversion?

<p>They had an unpleasant experience related to the food (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which health problems are linked to obesity?

<p>Heart problems and diabetes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about body fat?

<p>All body fat is unhealthy and should be lost (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which taste preference is considered universal?

<p>Preference for carbohydrates (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Set Point

Genetically influenced weight range an individual maintains.

Heritability of Body Weight

Genes account for 40-70% of variation in body mass among individuals.

Taste Preferences

Preferences can be universal or acquired through culture and exposure.

Carbohydrates and Serotonin

Carbohydrates temporarily increase serotonin levels, reducing stress.

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Food Aversion

Developing dislike for a food after negative experience, like sickness.

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Mindless Eating

Environmental and psychological factors influence our eating habits.

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Obesity

Excess body fat that increases health risks, making weight loss a priority.

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Cultural Standards of Fat

Cultural perceptions of body fat can vary, affecting attractiveness norms.

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James-Lange Theory

The physiological response to an event is interpreted as an emotion.

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Cannon-Bard Theory

Emotion and bodily arousal occur simultaneously.

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Schachter and Singer's Theory

The interpretation of physiological reaction determines the emotion experienced.

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Cognitive-Mediational Theory

Cognitive appraisal affects both interpretation and level of arousal.

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Facial-Feedback Theory

Facial expressions influence emotions and their physiological responses.

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Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

A theory proposing that humans prioritize basic needs before pursuing higher goals.

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Basic Needs

Essential requirements like food and safety that must be satisfied first.

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Hunger Strikers

Individuals who refuse food to achieve a higher goal, demonstrating complex motivations.

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Physiology of Hunger

The physical processes involved in feeling hungry, including glucose level changes.

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Hypothalamus Role

Brain region that regulates appetite by responding to glucose levels.

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Hunger Signals

Physiological cues like decreased glucose levels indicate hunger to the brain.

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Appetite-Stimulating Hormones

Hormones released by the hypothalamus that increase feelings of hunger.

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Prader-Willi Syndrome

A genetic condition causing insatiable hunger linked to hypothalamus dysfunction.

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Fraternal Birth Order Effect

Being born after a brother increases the likelihood of being gay.

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Need to Belong

The human desire to connect with others and be part of a group.

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Balancing Bonding Needs

The tension between needing relationships and wanting personal autonomy.

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Consequences of Belonging

Belonging can lead to loyalty but also negative behaviors like changing appearances.

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Social Networking vs. Connection

Online interaction can mimic connection but lacks depth.

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Achievement Motivation

The drive to succeed and achieve in one's work beyond monetary factors.

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Autonomy

The need for personal competence and independence.

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STI Spread Calculation

Herb's STI could potentially spread to 511 people based on network effects.

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Sexual Restraint Factors

Factors like high intelligence, consequences thinking, and religious beliefs correlate with sexual restraint.

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Dimensions of Sexual Orientation

Sexual orientation is defined by self-identity, sexual attraction, and sexual behavior.

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Homosexual Orientation Statistics

Approximately 2.8% of males and 1.4% of females identify as homosexual.

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Homosexuality Across Species

Homosexual behavior has been observed in over 450 species, indicating it's common in nature.

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Mental Health and Homosexuality

Being homosexual can lead to anxiety and mood disorders due to societal discrimination.

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Origins of Sexual Orientation

Current theories suggest sexual orientation is influenced by genetics or prenatal factors, not parenting.

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Hypothalamus and Sexual Orientation

Differences in brain structure may correlate with sexual orientation, particularly in the hypothalamus.

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Obesity and Social Influence

People are more likely to become obese if they have obese friends.

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Sedentary Lifestyle Causes

Factors like fast food abundance and energy-saving devices lead to less physical activity.

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Cultural Attitudes Toward Weight

Cultural norms influence perceptions of body weight and health.

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Passionate Love

Love characterized by intense emotions and sexual attraction.

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Companionate Love

Love characterized by deep affection and trust.

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Proximity Effect

The tendency to form close relationships with those who are near geographically.

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Attachment Styles

Adult attachment styles stem from childhood relationships with caregivers.

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Three Ingredients of Love

Passion, intimacy, and commitment are essential for love.

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Gender Differences in Love Expression

Men typically express love through actions; women express love through words.

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Cultural Ideals of Body Image

Cultural standards influence men's and women's ideal body types.

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