Psychology Chapter on Freud's Theory

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Questions and Answers

What is the purpose of the psychological system?

It mobilizes our biological and social resources to attain goals and avoids danger.

What separates psychology from other major systems of psychosocial functioning?

Goal attainment.

Who developed the first major theory of personality?

Sigmund Freud.

What drives all human behavior according to the concept of libido?

Special energy constantly searching for pleasure. Signup and view all the answers

What is the cornerstone of contemporary psychoanalysis?

Libido theory. Signup and view all the answers

What does the pleasure principle refer to?

Immediate gratification of urges. Signup and view all the answers

What component of personality operates on the pleasure principle?

Id. Signup and view all the answers

What type of thinking is the psychic energy of the id limited to?

Primary process thinking. Signup and view all the answers

What is the aggressive drive in living animals?

Need to consume the material of their life. Signup and view all the answers

What does the ego help us avoid?

Being victims of our own desire for pleasure. Signup and view all the answers

What principle brings individual pleasure into the boundaries of reality?

Reality principle. Signup and view all the answers

What is secondary process thinking?

Adaptive behavior based on realistic and rational approaches to problem-solving. Signup and view all the answers

Ego is defined by its _________ that represent the way a person adapts to their environment.

functions Signup and view all the answers

What provides moral guidance that helps balance the drives associated with the id?

Superego. Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of the id?

Pleasure. Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of the superego?

Moral standards. Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud, _____________ is the most important determinant of moral conduct.

identification Signup and view all the answers

What influences moral conduct as discussed by the superego?

Elements that include the conscience and ego-ideal. Signup and view all the answers

What involves internalized mental representations of conduct that are subject to punishment?

Conscience. Signup and view all the answers

What represents the mental representation of conduct that is positively valued by the environment?

Ego ideal. Signup and view all the answers

What is psychoanalytic theory based on?

Stages of development. Signup and view all the answers

During which stage does oral development occur?

Infancy. Signup and view all the answers

What developmental stage follows early childhood?

Latency. Signup and view all the answers

What occurs at the genital stage?

Obsession with genitals and revival of early childhood conflicts. Signup and view all the answers

_ development is critical to personality development.

Early childhood Signup and view all the answers

Who was interested in explaining development from birth through death?

Erik Erikson. Signup and view all the answers

What seeks to explain growth and maturity in relation to social expectations?

Epigenetic blueprint. Signup and view all the answers

The fundamental issue in Erikson's developmental sequence is how individuals define their sense of __________.

identity Signup and view all the answers

How should each of Erikson's 8 stages be viewed?

As a psychosocial crisis or conflict. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are weaknesses of Erikson's theory? (Select all that apply)

Historical bias toward heterosexuality Signup and view all the answers

Who is considered the father of behaviorism?

Watson Signup and view all the answers

What does behaviorism reject?

Notions of id, ego, and superego Signup and view all the answers

What did the Albert experiment conclude about children's fears?

Children's fears are learned and not inborn Signup and view all the answers

What is classical conditioning?

Learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus acquires the capacity to elicit a response Signup and view all the answers

What defines operant conditioning?

Learning controlled by consequences of behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is reinforcement?

Anything that follows a behavior and increases the likelihood of that behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is punishment in behavioral terms?

Anything that follows a behavior and decreases the likelihood of that behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is negative reinforcement?

Behavior increases because it is followed by the withdrawal of an unpleasant stimulus Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during extinction in operant conditioning?

Conditioned response stops producing positive consequences Signup and view all the answers

Skinner's theory of operant conditioning provides understanding for how ___________ takes place.

learning Signup and view all the answers

Who is Bandura?

A social learning theorist Signup and view all the answers

What is observational learning?

Learning that occurs when people observe role models Signup and view all the answers

What does social learning theory combine?

Learning principles with cognitive processes and operational learning effects Signup and view all the answers

According to social learning theory, _________ are critical in the development of personality.

models Signup and view all the answers

What is self-efficacy?

A person's belief about his or her ability to perform behaviors leading to expected outcomes Signup and view all the answers

What do cognitive psychologists investigate?

Processes involving human sensation, perception, and cognition Signup and view all the answers

What is sensation?

Process by which the organism detects internal and external stimulation Signup and view all the answers

What does perception refer to?

Interpretation of sensory input Signup and view all the answers

What is cognition?

Process of obtaining, organizing, and using sensory and perceptual information Signup and view all the answers

Who is Piaget?

A psychologist interested in how children use their intelligence Signup and view all the answers

What does Piaget believe about human development?

Mature into logic rather than learn it Signup and view all the answers

What is adaptation in Piaget's theory?

Relates to an individual's ability to change to the world Signup and view all the answers

What is schema?

Cognitive structures used to adapt to and organize the world Signup and view all the answers

Assimilation is the part of adaptation that involves ___________.

incorporating new information into existing schemata Signup and view all the answers

Accommodation involves ___________ what we think.

changing Signup and view all the answers

What is organization in Piaget's theory?

The tendency to systematize processes into coherent systems Signup and view all the answers

What does Piaget's theory of cognitive development explain?

The tendency toward organization and variations in knowledge between children and young adults Signup and view all the answers

What term describes Piaget's approach as a structuralist?

Structuralist Signup and view all the answers

What is the sensorimotor period?

Birth to age 2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the preoperations period?

Age 2 to age 7 Signup and view all the answers

What is the concrete operations period?

Ages 7 to 11 Signup and view all the answers

What is the formal operational period?

Ages 11 and above Signup and view all the answers

What do Berrick and Gilbert argue?

Prevention services were created without regard for age appropriateness Signup and view all the answers

Preoperational children do not understand __________.

cause and effect Signup and view all the answers

Who is Kohlberg?

A theorist who critiqued the aim of socialization Signup and view all the answers

What did Aristotle believe about a virtuous person?

Engages in actions reflective of their character Signup and view all the answers

What concerns arise regarding virtue as a theory?

Virtue appears to vary across cultures Signup and view all the answers

What did Darley and Batson's experiment illustrate?

The importance of situational factors in determining behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is Turiel's domain theory of moral development?

Combines structural assumptions with different cognitive domains Signup and view all the answers

The goal of most human information processing approaches is to understand how __________ enter perceptual awareness.

stimuli Signup and view all the answers

What does information processing examine?

Uptake, selection, coding, and storage of information Signup and view all the answers

What do newer connectionists and PDP models assume about knowledge?

Knowledge is not stored but represented by strengths of connections Signup and view all the answers

What is perception-based knowledge?

Mental images representing an analog form of physical appearance Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Psychological System

A psychological system mobilizes biological and social resources to achieve goals, protect from danger, and organize thoughts, emotions, and behaviors.

Sigmund Freud

Developed foundational personality theory emphasizing early childhood experiences as critical in shaping adult personality.
Introduced concepts for studying the unconscious through clinical manifestations.

Libido and Pleasure Principle

Libido represents the energy driving all human behavior, focused on the pursuit of pleasure.
The pleasure principle refers to the immediate satisfaction of urges.

Structure of Personality

The id is instinctual and operates on the pleasure principle, storing psychic energy with irrational and illogical thinking.
The ego acts as the rational decision-maker, balancing the id's desires with reality through the reality principle.
The superego provides moral guidance, shaped by societal and familial standards, emerging between ages 3-5.

Defense Mechanisms

Defense mechanisms evolve through development stages - psychotic, immature, neurotic, and mature.
Includes various strategies like repression (unconscious conflict removal), projection (attributing feelings externally), and sublimation (redirecting impulses to socially acceptable actions).

Erik Erikson

Critiqued Freud for limiting personality development focus to early years; emphasized lifelong development across eight psychosocial stages.
Central to Erikson’s stages is identity formation, with successful navigation of crises leading to ego strength.

Behaviorism

Introduced by John Watson, positing that behavior is learned and observable, with individuals seen as blank slates at birth.
Key figures include B.F. Skinner, who emphasized operant conditioning and the impact of reinforcement on behavior.

Cognitive Development

Piaget's theory outlines stages of cognitive growth: sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, and formal operations, emphasizing the role of schemas and adaptation (assimilation and accommodation).
Understanding perception and cognition, including sensation, involves interpreting sensory input and employing mental processes.

Albert Bandura’s research highlights learning through observing role models, introducing self-efficacy as a key factor in performance.
Social learning theory integrates cognitive processes, observing others, and the impact of consequences on learning.

Moral Development

Lawrence Kohlberg critiqued traditional views on moral education, proposing a stage theory of moral reasoning.
Domain theory of moral development posits separate systems for moral, conventional, and personal domains.

Information Processing

Focuses on understanding how information is processed from stimuli to responses, emphasizing the stages of uptake, selection, coding, and storage.
Knowledge is conceptualized as connections between units in the brain, reflecting both perceptual and cognitive elements.

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Description

Explore the fundamental concepts of Sigmund Freud's personality theory, including the roles of the id, ego, and superego. This quiz will test your understanding of libido, the pleasure principle, and the psychological system that drives human behavior. Delve into how childhood experiences shape adult personality.