Psychology Chapter on Freud's Personality Theory
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the ego in Freud's theory of personality?

  • To balance the demands of the id and the moral standards of the superego (correct)
  • To seek instant gratification without considering consequences
  • To internalize societal standards and produce guilt
  • To suppress all desires that arise from the id

    • At what age does the superego typically begin to emerge according to Freud's theory?

  • Ten years
  • Three years
  • Five years (correct)
  • Birth

    • Which component of personality is primarily responsible for feelings of guilt and shame?

  • The ego
  • The superego's conscience (correct)
  • The id
  • The ego ideal

    • What does the ego ideal represent in Freud's theory?

    <p>The best example of what a person should become (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When an individual acts impulsively, which part of the personality is primarily at work?

    <p>The id (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily assessed through trait theories?

    <p>Habitual patterns of behavior (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Freud, which component of personality operates on the pleasure principle?

    <p>The id (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a criticism of trait theories?

    <p>They ignore situational factors that influence behavior. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does D.P. McAdams argue regarding trait theory?

    <p>It fails to account for the dynamic nature of personality development. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe the internal psychological processes that influence overt behavior, according to Freud?

    <p>Covert behavior (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of Freud's theory acts as a mediator between the id and the superego?

    <p>The ego (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect does trait theory often overlook in its assessment of personality?

    <p>The role of situational influences (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Freud characterize human personality?

    <p>As a collection of competing psychological entities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant drawback of a visionary leader?

    <p>Their vision can overshadow other opportunities. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a transformational leader's primary role?

    <p>To inspire and engage employees in significant change. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be a consequence of a transformational leader's constant push for change?

    <p>Employee burnout. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of a participative or democratic leader?

    <p>They build rapport and value team input. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential risk of a democratic leadership style?

    <p>It can cause conflicts among team members. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a servant leader prioritize their objectives?

    <p>They place team and organizational needs first. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which leadership style is particularly necessary during significant organizational change?

    <p>Transformational leader. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following attributes are typical of transformational leaders?

    <p>Energetic and charismatic. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leadership style is most appropriate for a team that is motivated but lacks the necessary skills?

    <p>Coaching style (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which leadership style is best suited for a competent team that requires minimal supervision?

    <p>Delegating style (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the situational leadership model best described in relation to leadership theories?

    <p>It is similar to the contingency theory of leadership. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is commonly associated with leaders of the 'great man' theory?

    <p>Charisma and decisiveness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which leadership style is likely to be most effective in a fast-changing business environment?

    <p>Strategic Leader (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary focus of people-oriented leadership styles?

    <p>Helping team members reach their full potential (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which example of leadership style is most likely used in industries that require routine and stability?

    <p>Directing Leader (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do different leadership styles have on employees?

    <p>They influence employee motivation and satisfaction differently. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What motivates individuals to restore equity according to Equity Theory?

    <p>State of tension caused by perceived inequity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the expectancy-value theory define an individual's likelihood of success in a task?

    <p>Determined by expectancy and value (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of individuals with a fixed mindset?

    <p>They view setbacks as permanent failures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary benefit of experiencing flow in a task?

    <p>Greater output and satisfaction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who advanced the theory of fixed vs growth mindsets?

    <p>Carol Dweck (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one potential consequence of perceived inequity in the workplace?

    <p>Lower job satisfaction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to expectancy-value theory, which factor contributes to the value of performing a task?

    <p>How enjoyable and satisfying the task is perceived to be (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the experience of being in 'the zone'?

    <p>Total immersion leading to enhanced performance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the reinforcement theory primarily emphasize?

    <p>The influence of rewards and punishments on cognition and beliefs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to self-determination theory, motivations can be classified along what spectrum?

    <p>From external motivation to intrinsic motivation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes Thayer's theory of psychological arousal?

    <p>Low energy expenditure correlates with vulnerability to tension. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon does the Hawthorne effect illustrate?

    <p>The change in behavior when individuals are aware they are being observed. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these factors is NOT part of the self-determination theory as described?

    <p>Development of psychological disorders. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of worry and anxiety, what does Eysenck & Calvo's theory suggest?

    <p>Anxiety has a greater impact on efficiency than on effectiveness. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by Thayer's classification of psychological states into energy and tension?

    <p>The two states can have positive or negative correlation depending on energy expenditure. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do pre-existing opinions significantly impact according to the reinforcement theory?

    <p>The individual's behavioral biases during voting. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Trait Theory Strengths

    Trait theories help identify and measure personality traits like extraversion and agreeableness, providing insight into individuals.

    Trait Theory Weaknesses

    Trait theories don't account for personality changes over time or situational influences on behavior.

    Personality Changes

    People's personalities can evolve and change throughout life, sometimes significantly.

    Id

    The impulsive, instinctual part of personality, operating on the pleasure principle.

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    Ego

    The part of personality that mediates between the id's desires and the external world.

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    Superego

    The moral and ethical component of personality, incorporating societal values and rules.

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    Personality Development

    The process through which personality develops and changes over a lifetime.

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    Covert Behavior

    Hidden behaviors or mental activity not directly observable; internal thoughts and processes.

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    Freud's personality theory

    Personality is shaped by competing forces between the id, ego, and superego; influencing behavior.

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    Reality Principle

    The ego's way of considering the constraints and realities of a situation when satisfying the id's needs.

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    Visionary Leader

    A leader with a clear and compelling vision for the future, inspiring and motivating others to achieve it.

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    Transformational Leader

    A leader who focuses on inspiring and empowering others to achieve significant changes and growth within an organization.

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    Transformational Leader Weakness

    Can be overwhelming for employees, leading to burnout due to constant pressure for change.

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    Participative Leader

    A leader who emphasizes teamwork and collaboration, involving team members in decision-making processes.

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    Participative Leader Weakness

    Decisions can be delayed and conflicts may arise due to too much reliance on group consensus.

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    Servant Leader

    A leader who prioritizes the needs and well-being of the team and organization above their own.

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    Servant Leader Focus

    Prioritizes the needs of the team and organization, placing personal objectives aside.

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    Democratic Leader

    A leader who values team input and consensus-building, making decisions based on group discussion and agreement.

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    Telling Style

    A very directive leadership style best for simple, routine tasks, with less emphasis on team feelings.

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    Coaching Style

    Used when the team lacks skills but is motivated. Focuses on providing instruction and guidance.

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    Participating Style

    A supportive style for competent teams needing a boost in confidence.

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    Delegating Style

    Best for highly motivated and competent teams requiring minimal direction.

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    Situational Leadership Model

    A flexible approach where leadership style adapts to the team's competence and motivation.

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    Great Man Theory

    An early theory focusing on the inherent traits of successful leaders, mostly men from historical examples.

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    Common Leadership Traits

    Characteristics observed in successful leaders, such as confidence, charisma, decisiveness, and motivation.

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    Leadership Style Variety

    Different leadership styles exist to suit various organizational needs and environments.

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    Equity Theory

    People are motivated to keep a fair balance between what they put into work (effort, skills) and what they get out (salary, recognition) compared to others.

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    Inequity in Equity Theory

    When someone feels their inputs and outputs are unfair compared to others, creating tension that motivates them to restore balance.

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    Expectancy-Value Theory

    Success in a task depends on your confidence (expectancy) in completing it and the importance, enjoyment, or satisfaction you get from doing it (value).

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    Fixed Mindset

    Belief that abilities are innate and can't change much. Leads to giving up easily after setbacks.

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    Growth Mindset

    Belief that abilities can be learned and developed. Encourages persistence and learning from setbacks.

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    Flow State

    A state of complete immersion in a task, leading to high output, energy, creativity, and satisfaction

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    Flow State - Motivation

    Flow experience is highly motivating because it combines intrinsic satisfaction with engaged effort.

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    Flow State - Who?

    Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, a psychologist, defined the concept of flow state in 1975.

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    Reinforcement Theory

    People's actions are influenced by the consequences they experience. Rewards and punishments reinforce existing beliefs about behaviors.

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    Self-Determination Theory

    Motivation is driven by both intrinsic factors (internal desire) and extrinsic factors (external rewards). This theory suggests we have a basic need for autonomy, competence, and relatedness.

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    Thayer's Theory of Psychological Arousal

    Our moods are influenced by two key dimensions: energy (how active we feel) and tension (how anxious or stressed we feel).

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    Hawthorne Effect

    People change their behavior when they know they're being observed. This effect is related to social awareness and can influence workplace performance.

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    What influences voting patterns?

    Voters often hold pre-existing opinions about candidates, which are not easily swayed during campaigns or debates. This suggests that prior beliefs are strong and impactful.

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    How does anxiety affect efficiency and effectiveness?

    High levels of worry and anxiety can impact work efficiency more than effectiveness. This means you might take longer to complete tasks, but the quality of your work may not be significantly reduced.

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    What is the relationship between energy and tension?

    The relationship between energy and tension is complex. When energy expenditure is low, we experience higher levels of both. When energy expenditure is high, we experience lower levels of energy and higher levels of tension.

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    Why did researchers conduct the Hawthorne study?

    Researchers were interested in understanding how changes in the workplace environment, specifically lighting, affected worker productivity.

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    Study Notes

    Personal Development

    • Personal development is a combination of characteristics or qualities forming an individual's distinctive character. Traits and behaviors define how a person thinks, feels, and interacts with others.

    Examples of Personality Traits

    • Adventurous: A love for exploration and trying new things.
    • Empathetic: Understanding and sharing the feelings of others, showing compassion.

    Temperament

    • Temperament in psychology refers to a set of innate or inborn traits that organize a child's approach to the world.
    • These traits are generally viewed as biologically based and help shape how individuals react to their environment and regulate their emotions and behaviors.
    • Examples:
      • Easy/Flexible: Adapts quickly and generally maintains a positive mood.
      • Cautious: Shows initial withdrawal or hesitance in new situations.

    Psychosocial Factors

    • Psychosocial factors refer to the interplay of psychological processes and social contexts influencing an individual's behavior and well-being.
    • Factors include beliefs, emotions, relationships, and societal structures impacting an individual's mental and social health.
    • Examples:
      • Social support: The presence of reliable people you can trust and turn to in times of need.
      • Work environment: Encompassing aspects like physical conditions, job roles, and relationships with colleagues and superiors.

    Nature vs Nurture

    • Personality is believed to be partly genetic (nature) and partly learned through the environment and socialization (nurture).
    • Largely, it is stable over time, although changes can happen in bursts, for example during puberty, a mid-life crisis, or after a major life event.

    APA Dictionary Definition

    • Personality is defined as the enduring configuration of characteristics and behavior comprising an individual's unique adjustment to life.
    • This includes major traits, interests, drives, values, self-concept, abilities, and emotional patterns.

    Big Five Personality Traits

    • A mainstream taxonomy of personality categories.
    • Examples:
      • Extraversion
      • Agreeableness
      • Openness
      • Conscientiousness
      • Neuroticism

    Extraversion vs Introversion

    • Extraverts are outgoing, energized by social interaction, and frequently seek socialization with many people.
    • Introverts are more reserved, preferring solitary activities or interactions with a small, close-knit group and need solitude to regenerate.

    Types of Social Interaction

    • Exchange: People interacting with reciprocal transactions of things, services, and ideas.
    • Competition: Engaging in activities where a person tries to outperform others.
    • Conflict: Interactions where individuals struggle against each other as they pursue different goals and interests.
    • Cooperation: People joining together to assist each other in attaining shared goals and objectives.
    • Accommodation: People accepting different positions, or perspectives in order to resolve conflict.

    Agreeableness vs Disagreeableness

    • Agreeableness is a personality trait associated with kindness, warmth, cooperation, and concern for others.
    • High agreeableness often denotes valuing harmony, being easy to get along with, and avoiding conflict.
    • Disagreeableness is characterized by a lack of concern for others, skepticism about others' intentions, and a willingness to make self-serving decisions.

    Openness vs Cautiousness

    • Openness to experience refers to being receptive to new experiences, ideas, foods, and other things.
    • Cautiousness highlights preference for routines, familiarity, and avoidance of risks.

    Conscientiousness vs Neglectfulness

    • Conscientious people are organized, responsible, dependable, diligent, and careful in their actions.
    • Neglectfulness is the opposite--unorganized, erratic, irresponsible, lacking an ethic, and careless.

    Work Ethic

    • It aligns with the principles of hard work, morality, and integrity in performing job duties.
    • Important for demonstrating reliability, trust and responsibility within a workplace.

    Neuroticism vs Resilience

    • Neuroticism denotes emotional instability, characterized by anxiety, mood swings, irritability, sadness, and perceiving ordinary events as threatening.
    • Resilience or emotional stability involves the capacity to maintain a consistent mood; to cope effectively with stressors, demonstrating calm, good temperament and rarely experiencing anxiety or depression.

    75 Personality Traits

    • A list of 75 different traits of human personality.

    Personality in Childhood

    • Personality builds upon temperament in early childhood.
    • The 1956 New York Longitudinal Study identified three temperaments in children: easy, cautious, and difficult.

    Trait Theory of Personality

    • The trait theory of personality is an approach to studying human personality by recognizing, and measuring individual traits.
    • Traits are habitual patterns of behavior, making people unique.

    Freud's Theory of Personality

    • Human behavior is a result of interactions among the id, ego, and superego.
    • Id: Operates on the pleasure principle, seeking instant gratification of impulses and wants.
    • Ego: Mediates between the id and the reality principle, trying to satisfy those needs based on the situation.
    • Superego: Enforces moral standards and acts as the conscience and guides our behavior.

    Covert vs Overt Behaviors

    • Covert behaviors: Hidden actions and processes that occur inside the mind.
    • Overt behaviors: Visible actions that can be measured directly.

    Leadership Style

    • Examples:
      • Autocratic leadership
      • Democratic/Participative leadership
      • Transformational leadership
      • Servant leadership
      • Charismatic leadership
      • Bureaucratic leadership
      • Situational leadership
      • Coaching leadership
      • Pacesetting leadership
    • Leadership style refers to the approach or manner in which a leader interacts with and guides their team or organization.

    Motivation Theories

    • Motivation theories: Explain what drives, directs, and sustains behavior toward achieving particular goals.
    • These theories explore and explain underlying needs, desires, and incentives influencing behavior.
    • Examples:
      • Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
      • Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory
      • Expectancy Theory
      • Self-Determination Theory
      • Goal-Setting Theory
      • Equity Theory

    ABC Model of Attitude

    • Attitude refers to the way individuals feel about a person or place, task, or issue.
    • Components:
      • Affective: Feelings toward a target
      • Behavioral: Action aligned with the attitude
      • Cognitive: Thoughts and beliefs about the target

    Equity Theory

    • Concerns itself with equitable distribution of resources in an organization—the effort for compensation being proportional to output or rewards.
    • Imbalances between inputs and outcomes lead to inequity which is a motivator for restoration of equity.

    Expectancy-Value Theory

    • Individual success in accomplishing a task is determined by confidence in the successful completion of the task (expectancy) and the significance/value the individual places on performing the task (value).

    Fixed vs Growth Mindset

    • Fixed Mindset: Belief that abilities and talents are innate and unchangeable.
    • Growth Mindset: Belief that abilities and skills can be developed through effort, persistence, and learning; initial setbacks viewed as opportunities for improvement.

    Flow Theory

    • The feeling of complete engagement, absorption, and intense concentration in a task, leading to higher output, energy, and creativity, and enhanced satisfaction.

    Creativity

    • The ability to generate new and innovative ideas with value.
    • Core elements:
      • Generativity: Producing something different, new and innovative.
      • Value: Practical or personal relevance and benefit

    Intrinsic vs Extrinsic Motivation

    • Intrinsic: Driven by internal satisfaction.
    • Extrinsic: Driven by external rewards or avoiding penalties.

    Motivational Interviewing

    • A counseling approach to resolve ambivalence and encourage motivation for positive change.

    Optimal Functioning Hypothesis

    • Explains the certain amount of stress conducive to performance or optimal achievement.

    Processing Efficiency Theory

    • Explains the impact of anxiety and worry on cognitive performance; and that worry impacts the ability to store and process information, thereby impacting the performance of other tasks—causing reduced efficiency.

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    Description

    Test your understanding of Freud's theory of personality with this quiz that covers the roles of the id, ego, and superego. Explore key concepts such as the pleasure principle, the ego ideal, and the criticisms of trait theory. Perfect for psychology students looking to reinforce their knowledge of personality dynamics.

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