Psychology Chapter on Fear Responses

False (B)

Sympathetic adreno-medullary system and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) system

Moro reflex = Startle response to sudden movement or noise Rooting = Turning the head towards a touch on the cheek, preparing for feeding Sucking = Automatic sucking action triggered by something in the mouth Grasping = Closing hands or feet around objects touched Diving = Holding breath and opening eyes underwater Tonic neck position = Turning head to one side and extending the arm and leg on the same side, while flexing the opposite arm and leg

<p>tend and befriend</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A dog learning to sit on command (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Environmental pollution (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>white, male</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The traditional medical approach focuses on identifying and 'fixing' problems, while the approach described in the text focuses on understanding strengths and what is going well.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Clinical Psychology = Focuses on understanding and treating mental health issues Cognitive Neuroscience = Studies the biological basis of cognitive processes Social Psychology = Examines how individuals influence and are influenced by social groups Developmental Psychology = Studies the changes in human behaviour and capabilities across the lifespan</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The sociocultural perspective recognizes the influence of culture, social norms, group processes, family, workmates, romantic partners, and other social contexts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Animal Behavior (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lateral hypothalamus and ventromedial hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>hippocampus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Language processing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lateral hypothalamus = Stimulation leads to increased eating Ventromedial hypothalamus = Stimulation leads to decreased eating Basal ganglia = Implicated in motor control, memory, and emotional expression Hippocampus = Involved in memory consolidation and learning Amygdalae = Traditionally associated with fear and aggression, now thought to be involved in relevance detection</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Language (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The thalamus acts as a relay station, sending sensory information like touch, taste, vision, and hearing to the primary cerebral cortices for further processing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>center</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Taste = Lateral geniculate nucleus Visual information = Medial geniculate nucleus Sound information = Gustatory cortex Touch = Thalamus relay station</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>gyri</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To connect the two hemispheres of the brain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The wrinkled shape increases the surface area of the brain, allowing for more brain mass to fit into the skull and therefore more functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gyri = Depressions or valleys on the surface of the brain Sulci = The outermost layer of the brain Cerebral Cortex = The bulgy parts of the cortex Corpus Callosum = A bridge of neural tissue connecting the two hemispheres of the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The cerebral cortex is thought to be the most recently evolved region of the brain, responsible for higher-order functions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Contralateral refers to the opposite side of the body. For example, the right hemisphere of the brain controls the left side of the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>-70 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Electrostatic pressure and diffusion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>depolarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Membrane Potential = The overall charge difference across a cell membrane Resting Membrane Potential = The membrane potential of a neuron at rest, approximately -70 mV Depolarization = A decrease in the membrane potential towards zero Hyperpolarization = An increase in the membrane potential, making it more negative</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study of individual strengths and what is going well, rather than fixing problems.

A modern biological approach studying the mind and its connections to brain function.

Recognition of cultural and social influences on behavior and identity.

Perspective that explains behavior through interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors.

Adjustment of psychological knowledge to be applicable to diverse cultures and groups.

Framework explaining the unique stress experienced by marginalized groups due to societal discrimination.

Recognition that signs of conditions can vary between genders, e.g., ADHD symptoms differ in girls and boys.

Branches of psychology include clinical, cognitive, social, developmental, etc.

The immediate reaction to threats via the sympathetic adreno-medullary and HPA systems.

Behaviors triggered by past trauma or psychological factors where one may freeze or appease others.

A female response to stress, focusing on nurturing and forming allies during threats.

Automatic, simple responses to stimuli, crucial for survival in infants.

Complex inbuilt behaviors in animals that guide actions like migration or returning home.

A brain structure involved in movement, reward, and motor control.

The part of the brain that connects the hindbrain and forebrain, hosting basic functions.

The most evolved part of the brain, responsible for higher functions in humans.

A central brain structure that acts as a relay station for sensory information.

A small brain region controlling hormones, temperature, and basic drives like hunger.

A set of structures in the forebrain involved in emotion and memory.

A structure in the limbic system essential for memory formation.

An almond-shaped structure in the limbic system linked to emotions like fear and pleasure.

A brain region controlling hunger; damage increases eating or leads to starvation.

Brain region involved in motor control, memory, and emotional expression; damage leads to Parkinson's disease symptoms.

A neurological condition stemming from basal ganglia damage; causes motor control issues like tremors.

The ability of the amygdalae to interpret stimuli as relevant, affecting emotional reactions and memory.

Reactions facilitated by brain stimulation; includes behaviors like arching back and aggressive vocalizations.

Investigating behavior changes due to brain injury, either intentional or accidental, helps understand brain function.

The outer layer of the brain responsible for higher-order abilities unique to humans, such as complex thinking and language learning.

The bulgy parts of the cerebral cortex that resemble raised ridges.

The depressions or valleys on the surface of the cerebral cortex.

The very deep valleys found in the cerebral cortex.

Connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain, allowing communication and information sharing.

Controls motor functions and processes information from the right side of the body.

Controls motor functions and processes information from the left side of the body.

Advanced cognitive abilities in humans, such as language, planning, and abstract thinking, localized in the cerebral cortex.

The overall negative charge inside a neuron at rest, relative to the outside.

The membrane potential of a neuronal cell at rest, approximately -70 mV.

The process where the cell membrane potential becomes less negative.

The process where the cell membrane potential becomes more negative than resting potential.

The movement of ions across the cell membrane, affecting membrane potential.