Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the main difference between fear and anxiety?
What is the main difference between fear and anxiety?
- Fear is a chronic condition, whereas anxiety is an acute condition.
- Fear is a reaction to a known source of danger, whereas anxiety is a reaction to an unknown source of danger. (correct)
- Fear is a physiological response, whereas anxiety is a psychological response.
- Fear is a typical reaction to an internal source of danger, whereas anxiety is a typical reaction to an external source of danger.
Which of the following is NOT a physiological manifestation of anxiety?
Which of the following is NOT a physiological manifestation of anxiety?
- Palpitations.
- Hallucinations. (correct)
- Dizziness and syncope.
- Tremors and sweating.
According to the DSM-5, which of the following is NOT an anxiety disorder?
According to the DSM-5, which of the following is NOT an anxiety disorder?
- Panic disorder.
- Generalized anxiety disorder.
- Major depressive disorder. (correct)
- Separation anxiety disorder.
Which neurotransmitter is involved in the development of anxiety and is associated with decreased activity?
Which neurotransmitter is involved in the development of anxiety and is associated with decreased activity?
Which brain area is likely to be involved in anxiety disorders and is the site of noradrenergic neurons?
Which brain area is likely to be involved in anxiety disorders and is the site of noradrenergic neurons?
What is the most common type of mental health problem treated?
What is the most common type of mental health problem treated?
Which of the following is a characteristic of anxiety, but not fear?
Which of the following is a characteristic of anxiety, but not fear?
Which of the following anxiety disorders is characterized by excessive and persistent worry about everyday things?
Which of the following anxiety disorders is characterized by excessive and persistent worry about everyday things?
What is the role of GABA in anxiety disorders?
What is the role of GABA in anxiety disorders?
Which of the following brain areas is likely to be involved in anxiety disorders and is the site of serotonergic neurons?
Which of the following brain areas is likely to be involved in anxiety disorders and is the site of serotonergic neurons?
What is a potential cause of anxiety symptoms that is not primarily related to a mental health condition?
What is a potential cause of anxiety symptoms that is not primarily related to a mental health condition?
What is the primary advantage of buspirone over benzodiazepines in the treatment of anxiety?
What is the primary advantage of buspirone over benzodiazepines in the treatment of anxiety?
Which of the following medications is used to control the autonomic symptoms of anxiety?
Which of the following medications is used to control the autonomic symptoms of anxiety?
What is the primary indication for fluvoxamine?
What is the primary indication for fluvoxamine?
Which of the following medications is not approved for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder?
Which of the following medications is not approved for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder?
What is the primary reason benzodiazepines are usually only used for a limited amount of time?
What is the primary reason benzodiazepines are usually only used for a limited amount of time?
Which of the following medications is not a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)?
Which of the following medications is not a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)?
What is the primary advantage of SSRIs over MAOIs in the treatment of anxiety?
What is the primary advantage of SSRIs over MAOIs in the treatment of anxiety?
Which of the following anxiety disorders is fluoxetine approved to treat?
Which of the following anxiety disorders is fluoxetine approved to treat?
Which of the following medications is approved to treat social anxiety disorder?
Which of the following medications is approved to treat social anxiety disorder?
What is the typical duration of a panic attack in panic disorder?
What is the typical duration of a panic attack in panic disorder?
What is the primary difference between specific phobia and social anxiety disorder?
What is the primary difference between specific phobia and social anxiety disorder?
What is the primary characteristic of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?
What is the primary characteristic of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?
What is the primary characteristic of body dysmorphic disorder?
What is the primary characteristic of body dysmorphic disorder?
What is the primary characteristic of hair-pulling disorder?
What is the primary characteristic of hair-pulling disorder?
What is the primary characteristic of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?
What is the primary characteristic of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?
What is the primary difference between PTSD and acute stress disorder (ASD)?
What is the primary difference between PTSD and acute stress disorder (ASD)?
What is the primary characteristic of adjustment disorder?
What is the primary characteristic of adjustment disorder?
What is the common characteristic of generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder?
What is the common characteristic of generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder?
What is the primary characteristic of agoraphobia?
What is the primary characteristic of agoraphobia?
What is the primary diagnosis for anxiety symptoms resulting from hyperthyroidism?
What is the primary diagnosis for anxiety symptoms resulting from hyperthyroidism?
Which medication is used to control the autonomic symptoms of anxiety, particularly for anxiety about performing in public?
Which medication is used to control the autonomic symptoms of anxiety, particularly for anxiety about performing in public?
What is the advantage of buspirone over benzodiazepines in the treatment of anxiety?
What is the advantage of buspirone over benzodiazepines in the treatment of anxiety?
Which medication is approved to treat social anxiety disorder?
Which medication is approved to treat social anxiety disorder?
What is the primary indication for fluvoxamine?
What is the primary indication for fluvoxamine?
Why are benzodiazepines usually only used for a limited amount of time?
Why are benzodiazepines usually only used for a limited amount of time?
Which medication is used to treat the symptoms of anxiety and has a low addiction potential?
Which medication is used to treat the symptoms of anxiety and has a low addiction potential?
Which of the following anxiety disorders is characterized by an intense fear associated with being in open places or situations in which one cannot escape or obtain help?
Which of the following anxiety disorders is characterized by an intense fear associated with being in open places or situations in which one cannot escape or obtain help?
What is the primary advantage of SSRIs over MAOIs in the treatment of anxiety?
What is the primary advantage of SSRIs over MAOIs in the treatment of anxiety?
What is the common characteristic of generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder?
What is the common characteristic of generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder?
Which of the following is an organic cause of symptoms of anxiety?
Which of the following is an organic cause of symptoms of anxiety?
Which medication is used to treat the autonomic symptoms of anxiety, such as tachycardia?
Which medication is used to treat the autonomic symptoms of anxiety, such as tachycardia?
Which of the following disorders involves a strong need to pull out one’s own hair?
Which of the following disorders involves a strong need to pull out one’s own hair?
Which of the following disorders is characterized by excessive focus on a minor or imagined physical defect?
Which of the following disorders is characterized by excessive focus on a minor or imagined physical defect?
Which of the following is a characteristic of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?
Which of the following is a characteristic of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?
Which of the following disorders is characterized by recurring, intrusive feelings, thoughts, and images that cause anxiety?
Which of the following disorders is characterized by recurring, intrusive feelings, thoughts, and images that cause anxiety?
Which of the following disorders is characterized by an exaggerated fear of embarrassment in social situations?
Which of the following disorders is characterized by an exaggerated fear of embarrassment in social situations?
What is the primary difference between PTSD and acute stress disorder (ASD)?
What is the primary difference between PTSD and acute stress disorder (ASD)?
Which of the following disorders involves compulsive hoarding of valuables?
Which of the following disorders involves compulsive hoarding of valuables?
Which of the following anxiety disorders is more common in women in their 20s?
Which of the following anxiety disorders is more common in women in their 20s?
What is the primary distinction between fear and anxiety in terms of the source of danger?
What is the primary distinction between fear and anxiety in terms of the source of danger?
Which of the following physiological manifestations of anxiety is NOT a symptom of a panic attack?
Which of the following physiological manifestations of anxiety is NOT a symptom of a panic attack?
According to the DSM-5, which of the following disorders is classified under the category of anxiety disorders?
According to the DSM-5, which of the following disorders is classified under the category of anxiety disorders?
Which of the following brain areas is involved in the regulation of fear and anxiety responses?
Which of the following brain areas is involved in the regulation of fear and anxiety responses?
What is the primary role of serotonin in the development of anxiety disorders?
What is the primary role of serotonin in the development of anxiety disorders?
Which of the following anxiety disorders is characterized by excessive and persistent worry about everyday things?
Which of the following anxiety disorders is characterized by excessive and persistent worry about everyday things?
What is the primary difference between Fear and Anxiety in terms of physiological responses?
What is the primary difference between Fear and Anxiety in terms of physiological responses?
Which of the following neurotransmitters is involved in the regulation of anxiety responses?
Which of the following neurotransmitters is involved in the regulation of anxiety responses?
Which of the following anxiety disorders is characterized by a fear of being in a situation from which escape might be difficult?
Which of the following anxiety disorders is characterized by a fear of being in a situation from which escape might be difficult?
What is the primary characteristic of anxiety disorders in terms of the physical symptoms?
What is the primary characteristic of anxiety disorders in terms of the physical symptoms?
Study Notes
Fear and Anxiety
- Fear is a typical reaction to a known, external source of danger.
- Anxiety is characterized by an unknown, unrecognized, or inadequate source of danger.
- Physiologic manifestations of anxiety are similar to those of fear, including:
- Shakiness and sweating
- Palpitations (subjective experience of tachycardia)
- Tingling in the extremities and numbness around the mouth
- Dizziness and syncope (fainting)
- Gastrointestinal and urinary disturbances (e.g., diarrhea and urinary frequency)
- Mydriasis (pupil dilation)
Classification and Occurrence of Anxiety Disorders and Related Conditions
- The DSM-5 classification of anxiety disorders and related conditions includes:
- Panic disorder
- Phobias (specific phobia, agoraphobia, and social anxiety disorder)
- Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
- Separation anxiety disorder
- Selective mutism
- Anxiety disorders and related conditions are the most commonly treated mental health problems.
Organic Basis of Anxiety
- Neurotransmitters involved in the development of anxiety include:
- Norepinephrine (increased activity)
- Serotonin (decreased activity)
- GABA (decreased activity)
- Brain areas likely involved in anxiety disorders include:
- Locus ceruleus (site of noradrenergic neurons)
- Raphe nucleus (site of serotonergic neurons)
- Caudate nucleus
- Temporal cortex
- Frontal cortex
- Organic causes of symptoms of anxiety include:
- Excessive caffeine intake
- Substance use
- Hyperthyroidism
- Vitamin B12 deficiency
- Hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia
- Cardiac arrhythmia
- Anemia
- Pulmonary disease
- Pheochromocytoma (adrenal medullary tumor)
Management of Anxiety Disorders
- Antianxiety agents used to treat symptoms of anxiety include:
- Benzodiazepines (fast-acting, but carry a high risk of dependence and addiction)
- Buspirone (nonbenzodiazepine antianxiety agent, useful for long-term maintenance therapy)
- β-blockers (used to control autonomic symptoms, such as tachycardia)
- Antidepressants used to treat anxiety disorders include:
- Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
- Tricyclics
- Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
- Selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)
- Pregabalin (Lyrica)
Classification of Anxiety Disorders, Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, and Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders
- Panic disorder:
- Recurrent episodes of intense anxiety (panic attacks)
- Cardiac and respiratory symptoms and the conviction that one is about to die or lose one’s mind
- Sudden onset of symptoms, increasing in intensity over a period of ~10 min, and lasting about 30 min
- Phobias:
- Specific phobia: irrational fear of certain things
- Social anxiety disorder: exaggerated fear of embarrassment in social situations
- Agoraphobia: intense fear associated with being in open places or situations in which one cannot escape or obtain help
- Generalized anxiety disorder:
- Persistent anxiety symptoms including hyperarousal and worrying lasting 6 mo or more
- Gastrointestinal symptoms are common
- Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and related disorders:
- Recurring, intrusive feelings, thoughts, and images (obsessions) that cause anxiety
- Anxiety is relieved in part by performing repetitive actions (compulsions)
- Trauma- and stressor-related disorders:
- Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD):
- Symptoms occurring after a catastrophic event
- Symptoms can be divided into four types: reexperiencing, hyperarousal, emotional numbing, and avoidance
- Acute stress disorder (ASD):
- Symptoms last only between 2 d and 4 wk
- Adjustment disorder:
- Emotional symptoms causing social, school, or work impairment occurring within 3 mo and lasting
- Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD):
Fear and Anxiety
- Fear is a typical reaction to a known, external source of danger.
- Anxiety is characterized by an unknown, unrecognized, or inadequate source of danger.
- Physiologic manifestations of anxiety are similar to those of fear, including:
- Shakiness and sweating
- Palpitations (subjective experience of tachycardia)
- Tingling in the extremities and numbness around the mouth
- Dizziness and syncope (fainting)
- Gastrointestinal and urinary disturbances (e.g., diarrhea and urinary frequency)
- Mydriasis (pupil dilation)
Classification and Occurrence of Anxiety Disorders and Related Conditions
- The DSM-5 classification of anxiety disorders and related conditions includes:
- Panic disorder
- Phobias (specific phobia, agoraphobia, and social anxiety disorder)
- Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
- Separation anxiety disorder
- Selective mutism
- Anxiety disorders and related conditions are the most commonly treated mental health problems.
Organic Basis of Anxiety
- Neurotransmitters involved in the development of anxiety include:
- Norepinephrine (increased activity)
- Serotonin (decreased activity)
- GABA (decreased activity)
- Brain areas likely involved in anxiety disorders include:
- Locus ceruleus (site of noradrenergic neurons)
- Raphe nucleus (site of serotonergic neurons)
- Caudate nucleus
- Temporal cortex
- Frontal cortex
- Organic causes of symptoms of anxiety include:
- Excessive caffeine intake
- Substance use
- Hyperthyroidism
- Vitamin B12 deficiency
- Hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia
- Cardiac arrhythmia
- Anemia
- Pulmonary disease
- Pheochromocytoma (adrenal medullary tumor)
Management of Anxiety Disorders
- Antianxiety agents used to treat symptoms of anxiety include:
- Benzodiazepines (fast-acting, but carry a high risk of dependence and addiction)
- Buspirone (nonbenzodiazepine antianxiety agent, useful for long-term maintenance therapy)
- β-blockers (used to control autonomic symptoms, such as tachycardia)
- Antidepressants used to treat anxiety disorders include:
- Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
- Tricyclics
- Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
- Selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)
- Pregabalin (Lyrica)
Classification of Anxiety Disorders, Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, and Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders
- Panic disorder:
- Recurrent episodes of intense anxiety (panic attacks)
- Cardiac and respiratory symptoms and the conviction that one is about to die or lose one’s mind
- Sudden onset of symptoms, increasing in intensity over a period of ~10 min, and lasting about 30 min
- Phobias:
- Specific phobia: irrational fear of certain things
- Social anxiety disorder: exaggerated fear of embarrassment in social situations
- Agoraphobia: intense fear associated with being in open places or situations in which one cannot escape or obtain help
- Generalized anxiety disorder:
- Persistent anxiety symptoms including hyperarousal and worrying lasting 6 mo or more
- Gastrointestinal symptoms are common
- Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and related disorders:
- Recurring, intrusive feelings, thoughts, and images (obsessions) that cause anxiety
- Anxiety is relieved in part by performing repetitive actions (compulsions)
- Trauma- and stressor-related disorders:
- Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD):
- Symptoms occurring after a catastrophic event
- Symptoms can be divided into four types: reexperiencing, hyperarousal, emotional numbing, and avoidance
- Acute stress disorder (ASD):
- Symptoms last only between 2 d and 4 wk
- Adjustment disorder:
- Emotional symptoms causing social, school, or work impairment occurring within 3 mo and lasting
- Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD):
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Description
Understand the differences between fear and anxiety, including their physiological manifestations and characteristics. Learn about the sources of danger and the bodily responses to fear and anxiety.
