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Fear and Anxiety in Psychology
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Fear and Anxiety in Psychology

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Questions and Answers

What is the main difference between fear and anxiety?

  • Fear is a chronic condition, whereas anxiety is an acute condition.
  • Fear is a reaction to a known source of danger, whereas anxiety is a reaction to an unknown source of danger. (correct)
  • Fear is a physiological response, whereas anxiety is a psychological response.
  • Fear is a typical reaction to an internal source of danger, whereas anxiety is a typical reaction to an external source of danger.

    • Which of the following is NOT a physiological manifestation of anxiety?

  • Palpitations.
  • Hallucinations. (correct)
  • Dizziness and syncope.
  • Tremors and sweating.

    • According to the DSM-5, which of the following is NOT an anxiety disorder?

  • Panic disorder.
  • Generalized anxiety disorder.
  • Major depressive disorder. (correct)
  • Separation anxiety disorder.

    • Which neurotransmitter is involved in the development of anxiety and is associated with decreased activity?

    <p>Serotonin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain area is likely to be involved in anxiety disorders and is the site of noradrenergic neurons?

    <p>Locus ceruleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common type of mental health problem treated?

    <p>Anxiety disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of anxiety, but not fear?

    <p>Unknown or unrecognized source of danger.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following anxiety disorders is characterized by excessive and persistent worry about everyday things?

    <p>Generalized anxiety disorder.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of GABA in anxiety disorders?

    <p>GABA has an anxiolytic effect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following brain areas is likely to be involved in anxiety disorders and is the site of serotonergic neurons?

    <p>Raphe nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential cause of anxiety symptoms that is not primarily related to a mental health condition?

    <p>Hyperthyroidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of buspirone over benzodiazepines in the treatment of anxiety?

    <p>Lower risk of dependence and addiction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications is used to control the autonomic symptoms of anxiety?

    <p>Beta-blockers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indication for fluvoxamine?

    <p>Obsessive-compulsive disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications is not approved for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder?

    <p>MAOIs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason benzodiazepines are usually only used for a limited amount of time?

    <p>They have a high risk of dependence and addiction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications is not a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)?

    <p>Venlafaxine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of SSRIs over MAOIs in the treatment of anxiety?

    <p>More suitable for long-term maintenance therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following anxiety disorders is fluoxetine approved to treat?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications is approved to treat social anxiety disorder?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical duration of a panic attack in panic disorder?

    <p>About 30 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between specific phobia and social anxiety disorder?

    <p>Irrational fear of certain things</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?

    <p>Recurring, intrusive feelings, thoughts, and images that cause anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of body dysmorphic disorder?

    <p>Excessive focus on a minor or imagined physical defect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of hair-pulling disorder?

    <p>A strong need to pull out one’s own hair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between PTSD and acute stress disorder (ASD)?

    <p>Duration of symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of adjustment disorder?

    <p>Emotional symptoms occurring within 3 months and lasting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common characteristic of generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder?

    <p>Strong genetic component</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of agoraphobia?

    <p>Intense fear associated with being in open places or situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary diagnosis for anxiety symptoms resulting from hyperthyroidism?

    <p>Anxiety disorder due to another medical condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is used to control the autonomic symptoms of anxiety, particularly for anxiety about performing in public?

    <p>Propranolol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of buspirone over benzodiazepines in the treatment of anxiety?

    <p>Less addictive potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is approved to treat social anxiety disorder?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indication for fluvoxamine?

    <p>Obsessive-compulsive disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are benzodiazepines usually only used for a limited amount of time?

    <p>They have a high risk of dependence and addiction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is used to treat the symptoms of anxiety and has a low addiction potential?

    <p>Buspirone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following anxiety disorders is characterized by an intense fear associated with being in open places or situations in which one cannot escape or obtain help?

    <p>Agoraphobia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of SSRIs over MAOIs in the treatment of anxiety?

    <p>Fewer side effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common characteristic of generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder?

    <p>Recurrent episodes of intense anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an organic cause of symptoms of anxiety?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is used to treat the autonomic symptoms of anxiety, such as tachycardia?

    <p>Propranolol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following disorders involves a strong need to pull out one’s own hair?

    <p>Hair-pulling disorder (Trichotillomania)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following disorders is characterized by excessive focus on a minor or imagined physical defect?

    <p>Body dysmorphic disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?

    <p>Symptoms lasting for more than 1 mo after a catastrophic event</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following disorders is characterized by recurring, intrusive feelings, thoughts, and images that cause anxiety?

    <p>Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following disorders is characterized by an exaggerated fear of embarrassment in social situations?

    <p>Social anxiety disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between PTSD and acute stress disorder (ASD)?

    <p>Duration of symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following disorders involves compulsive hoarding of valuables?

    <p>Hoarding disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following anxiety disorders is more common in women in their 20s?

    <p>Panic disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary distinction between fear and anxiety in terms of the source of danger?

    <p>Fear is a response to a known source of danger, while anxiety is a response to an unknown or unrecognized source of danger.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following physiological manifestations of anxiety is NOT a symptom of a panic attack?

    <p>Urinary retention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the DSM-5, which of the following disorders is classified under the category of anxiety disorders?

    <p>Separation anxiety disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following brain areas is involved in the regulation of fear and anxiety responses?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of serotonin in the development of anxiety disorders?

    <p>Decreased serotonin activity contributes to anxiety development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following anxiety disorders is characterized by excessive and persistent worry about everyday things?

    <p>Generalized anxiety disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between Fear and Anxiety in terms of physiological responses?

    <p>Fear is characterized by parasympathetic responses, while anxiety is characterized by sympathetic responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following neurotransmitters is involved in the regulation of anxiety responses?

    <p>GABA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following anxiety disorders is characterized by a fear of being in a situation from which escape might be difficult?

    <p>Agoraphobia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of anxiety disorders in terms of the physical symptoms?

    <p>Anxiety disorders are characterized by a range of physical symptoms, including shakiness and sweating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Fear and Anxiety

    • Fear is a typical reaction to a known, external source of danger.
    • Anxiety is characterized by an unknown, unrecognized, or inadequate source of danger.
    • Physiologic manifestations of anxiety are similar to those of fear, including:
      • Shakiness and sweating
      • Palpitations (subjective experience of tachycardia)
      • Tingling in the extremities and numbness around the mouth
      • Dizziness and syncope (fainting)
      • Gastrointestinal and urinary disturbances (e.g., diarrhea and urinary frequency)
      • Mydriasis (pupil dilation)
    • The DSM-5 classification of anxiety disorders and related conditions includes:
      • Panic disorder
      • Phobias (specific phobia, agoraphobia, and social anxiety disorder)
      • Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
      • Separation anxiety disorder
      • Selective mutism
    • Anxiety disorders and related conditions are the most commonly treated mental health problems.

    Organic Basis of Anxiety

    • Neurotransmitters involved in the development of anxiety include:
      • Norepinephrine (increased activity)
      • Serotonin (decreased activity)
      • GABA (decreased activity)
    • Brain areas likely involved in anxiety disorders include:
      • Locus ceruleus (site of noradrenergic neurons)
      • Raphe nucleus (site of serotonergic neurons)
      • Caudate nucleus
      • Temporal cortex
      • Frontal cortex
    • Organic causes of symptoms of anxiety include:
      • Excessive caffeine intake
      • Substance use
      • Hyperthyroidism
      • Vitamin B12 deficiency
      • Hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia
      • Cardiac arrhythmia
      • Anemia
      • Pulmonary disease
      • Pheochromocytoma (adrenal medullary tumor)

    Management of Anxiety Disorders

    • Antianxiety agents used to treat symptoms of anxiety include:
      • Benzodiazepines (fast-acting, but carry a high risk of dependence and addiction)
      • Buspirone (nonbenzodiazepine antianxiety agent, useful for long-term maintenance therapy)
      • β-blockers (used to control autonomic symptoms, such as tachycardia)
    • Antidepressants used to treat anxiety disorders include:
      • Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
      • Tricyclics
      • Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
      • Selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)
      • Pregabalin (Lyrica)

    Classification of Anxiety Disorders, Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, and Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders

    • Panic disorder:
      • Recurrent episodes of intense anxiety (panic attacks)
      • Cardiac and respiratory symptoms and the conviction that one is about to die or lose one’s mind
      • Sudden onset of symptoms, increasing in intensity over a period of ~10 min, and lasting about 30 min
    • Phobias:
      • Specific phobia: irrational fear of certain things
      • Social anxiety disorder: exaggerated fear of embarrassment in social situations
      • Agoraphobia: intense fear associated with being in open places or situations in which one cannot escape or obtain help
    • Generalized anxiety disorder:
      • Persistent anxiety symptoms including hyperarousal and worrying lasting 6 mo or more
      • Gastrointestinal symptoms are common
    • Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and related disorders:
      • Recurring, intrusive feelings, thoughts, and images (obsessions) that cause anxiety
      • Anxiety is relieved in part by performing repetitive actions (compulsions)
    • Trauma- and stressor-related disorders:
      • Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD):
        • Symptoms occurring after a catastrophic event
        • Symptoms can be divided into four types: reexperiencing, hyperarousal, emotional numbing, and avoidance
      • Acute stress disorder (ASD):
        • Symptoms last only between 2 d and 4 wk
      • Adjustment disorder:
        • Emotional symptoms causing social, school, or work impairment occurring within 3 mo and lasting

    Fear and Anxiety

    • Fear is a typical reaction to a known, external source of danger.
    • Anxiety is characterized by an unknown, unrecognized, or inadequate source of danger.
    • Physiologic manifestations of anxiety are similar to those of fear, including:
      • Shakiness and sweating
      • Palpitations (subjective experience of tachycardia)
      • Tingling in the extremities and numbness around the mouth
      • Dizziness and syncope (fainting)
      • Gastrointestinal and urinary disturbances (e.g., diarrhea and urinary frequency)
      • Mydriasis (pupil dilation)
    • The DSM-5 classification of anxiety disorders and related conditions includes:
      • Panic disorder
      • Phobias (specific phobia, agoraphobia, and social anxiety disorder)
      • Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
      • Separation anxiety disorder
      • Selective mutism
    • Anxiety disorders and related conditions are the most commonly treated mental health problems.

    Organic Basis of Anxiety

    • Neurotransmitters involved in the development of anxiety include:
      • Norepinephrine (increased activity)
      • Serotonin (decreased activity)
      • GABA (decreased activity)
    • Brain areas likely involved in anxiety disorders include:
      • Locus ceruleus (site of noradrenergic neurons)
      • Raphe nucleus (site of serotonergic neurons)
      • Caudate nucleus
      • Temporal cortex
      • Frontal cortex
    • Organic causes of symptoms of anxiety include:
      • Excessive caffeine intake
      • Substance use
      • Hyperthyroidism
      • Vitamin B12 deficiency
      • Hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia
      • Cardiac arrhythmia
      • Anemia
      • Pulmonary disease
      • Pheochromocytoma (adrenal medullary tumor)

    Management of Anxiety Disorders

    • Antianxiety agents used to treat symptoms of anxiety include:
      • Benzodiazepines (fast-acting, but carry a high risk of dependence and addiction)
      • Buspirone (nonbenzodiazepine antianxiety agent, useful for long-term maintenance therapy)
      • β-blockers (used to control autonomic symptoms, such as tachycardia)
    • Antidepressants used to treat anxiety disorders include:
      • Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
      • Tricyclics
      • Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
      • Selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)
      • Pregabalin (Lyrica)

    Classification of Anxiety Disorders, Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, and Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders

    • Panic disorder:
      • Recurrent episodes of intense anxiety (panic attacks)
      • Cardiac and respiratory symptoms and the conviction that one is about to die or lose one’s mind
      • Sudden onset of symptoms, increasing in intensity over a period of ~10 min, and lasting about 30 min
    • Phobias:
      • Specific phobia: irrational fear of certain things
      • Social anxiety disorder: exaggerated fear of embarrassment in social situations
      • Agoraphobia: intense fear associated with being in open places or situations in which one cannot escape or obtain help
    • Generalized anxiety disorder:
      • Persistent anxiety symptoms including hyperarousal and worrying lasting 6 mo or more
      • Gastrointestinal symptoms are common
    • Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and related disorders:
      • Recurring, intrusive feelings, thoughts, and images (obsessions) that cause anxiety
      • Anxiety is relieved in part by performing repetitive actions (compulsions)
    • Trauma- and stressor-related disorders:
      • Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD):
        • Symptoms occurring after a catastrophic event
        • Symptoms can be divided into four types: reexperiencing, hyperarousal, emotional numbing, and avoidance
      • Acute stress disorder (ASD):
        • Symptoms last only between 2 d and 4 wk
      • Adjustment disorder:
        • Emotional symptoms causing social, school, or work impairment occurring within 3 mo and lasting

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    Understand the differences between fear and anxiety, including their physiological manifestations and characteristics. Learn about the sources of danger and the bodily responses to fear and anxiety.

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