Psychology Chapter on Emotion and Autonomic Response

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Questions and Answers

Which physiological measure is the hardest to control and its meaning is often ambiguous?

Autonomic nervous system activity (correct)

Vocal tone

Facial expressions

Micro-expressions

The 'fight or flight' response is primarily associated with the activation of which system?

Parasympathetic nervous system

Sympathetic nervous system (correct)

Central nervous system

Somatic nervous system

What is the main function of the parasympathetic nervous system?

To promote rest and digestion (correct)

To prepare the body for intense activity

To activate the 'fight or flight' response

To increase heart rate and breathing

What is the primary function of homeostasis?

To maintain a balanced internal condition (B) Signup and view all the answers

In the opponent-process theory of emotions, what happens to the 'A' state with repeated cycles?

It becomes weaker and shorter-lasting (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the rebound emotion caused by the removal of a stimulus?

The 'B' state (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which activity is NOT primarily controlled by the autonomic nervous system?

Voluntary muscle movement (A) Signup and view all the answers

How can individuals influence their autonomic responses?

Through thought and behavior (A) Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided material, what is the key component of emotion for most people?

The feeling (D) Signup and view all the answers

How is mood distinguished from emotion, according to the text?

Mood is a more general state and lasts longer than a single emotion. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT presented as one of the basic emotions by Ekman, Friesen, and Ellsworth in the text?

Aversion (D) Signup and view all the answers

How do emotions affect decision making?

Emotions powerfully inform our decisions, and are closely related to motivation. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main drawback of using self-reports to measure emotion, as discussed in the text?

Self-reports have questionable accuracy. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which method of measuring emotions is particularly useful for observing facial expressions according to the text?

Behavioral observations (A) Signup and view all the answers

What components combine to define emotion?

Cognitions, physiology, feelings, and actions (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is listed as a basic emotion by multiple theorists mentioned in the text?

Anger (C) Signup and view all the answers

According to the Somatovisceral Afference Model of Emotion (SAME), what is the relationship between physical responses and emotional states?

Different emotional states can produce physical responses that range from specific to ambiguous. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does the appraisal theory of emotion emphasize?

The detection and assessment of stimuli related to personal well-being. (D) Signup and view all the answers

According to the broaden-and-build hypothesis, what effect do positive emotions have on an individual?

They enhance the readiness to explore new ideas and opportunities. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What role do emotions play in moral decision-making according to the text?

They play a crucial role, demonstrated by dilemmas like the Trolley Problem. (A) Signup and view all the answers

How does the text describe the impact of emotional control on decision-making?

Only extreme emotions interfere with sound decision-making. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does the case of Phineas Gage and 'Elliot' suggest about the link between emotions and decision-making?

The ability to feel distinct emotions is important for optimal decision-making. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does 'Emotional Intelligence' refer to, according to the text?

The ability to understand and use emotions for decision-making. (C) Signup and view all the answers

According to the content provided, what is the effect of a mildly sad mood on cognitive function?

It increases the accuracy of judgment and decision-making. (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to the James-Lange theory, what is the direct cause of a person's experience of an emotion?

The physiological changes that occur from interpreting a stimulus. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'catharsis' refer to in the context of emotions?

A theory suggesting emotional expression can reduce arousal. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between the James-Lange theory and the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion?

The James-Lange theory states that physiological changes cause emotion, whereas the Cannon-Bard theory suggests they happen concurrently. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the concept of homeostasis?

The body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment. (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to Schachter and Singer's theory of emotions, what primarily determines the type of emotion experienced?

A person’s cognitive appraisal of the situation. (D) Signup and view all the answers

According to the instinct theory of motivation, what is the primary driver of behavior?

Inherited, fixed response patterns. (C) Signup and view all the answers

In pure autonomic failure, what change is noticeable in the emotional experience of those affected, according to the context?

They report diminished intensity of emotions despite recognizing situations that should elicit strong feelings. (C) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of motivation, what is the role of 'motives'?

To arouse, maintain, and direct behavior towards a goal. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of physiological arousal, according to Schachter and Singer’s theory of emotion?

To determine the intensity of the experienced emotion. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a physiological motive?

The need for sleep (B) Signup and view all the answers

What might be a result of catharsis?

A decrease in emotional arousal. (A) Signup and view all the answers

According to drive-reduction theory, what initiates the motivation process?

A physiological need or deficiency. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the James-Lange theory of emotion?

Stimulus → Physiological Response → Emotion (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the 'incentive theory' of motivation?

External stimuli pull individuals towards certain behaviors. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of the cognitive theory of motivation?

Thought processes. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a social motive?

Achievement (C) Signup and view all the answers

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, what must occur before an individual is motivated to pursue esteem needs?

The individual must have partially satisfied their physiological, safety, and belongingness needs. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the concept of unconscious motivation as discussed?

Behaviors influenced by repressed thoughts and feelings, often without awareness. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a sign of unconscious motivation?

Exhibition of emotional tension while acknowledging it. (C) Signup and view all the answers

According to Maslow's hierarchy, which set of needs is considered the most basic and must be addressed first?

Physiological needs (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the ultimate goal according to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

To realize one’s full potential and self-fulfillment (A) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

The Feeling Mind: Emotions and Motivation

Emotions and motivation are central topics in psychology, particularly within the study of PSY100: Introduction to Psychology, at San Beda University.
Emotions are a combination of cognitions, physiology, feelings, and actions. The primary component often associated with the term "emotion" is the feeling, encompassing arousal, physical sensations, and subjective feelings elicited spontaneously in reaction to environmental stimuli.
Mood is a broader, more general state than emotion, lasting longer than a single emotion.
There are disagreements among theorists regarding basic emotions, but many studies have tried to identify them. Emotions cited include joy, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, disgust.
Measuring emotions is a challenge, as different methods have their own strengths and weaknesses. Self-reports are often quick and readily available, but their accuracy may be questionable. Behavioral observations, specifically of facial expressions, are a useful tool, though suppressed emotions are possible. Physiological measures, based on autonomic nervous system activity, are harder to control, but their meaning can be ambiguous. Microexpressions can be especially helpful.
Emotional regulation is also a key concept, with practitioners focusing on how individuals manage their emotions effectively.
The autonomic nervous system has a key role in regulating emotions; it consists of both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. The sympathetic system is often linked to 'fight or flight' responses, while the parasympathetic system promotes a state of rest and restoration.
The opponent-process principle of emotions suggests that the removal of a stimulus that provokes one emotion can trigger a swing toward an opposite emotion. Repeated experiences of an initial emotional state (A) can lead to a strengthening and amplification of a contrasting reaction (B).
Important theories of emotion include the James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and Schachter-Singer theories. Each theory proposes a distinct mechanism linking stimuli to corresponding physiological responses and emotional experiences, explaining which comes first – physiological response or emotional experience.
The James-Lange Theory suggests that physical changes come first, followed by the perception of the emotion.
The Cannon-Bard Theory proposes that both physical sensations and subjective feelings occur simultaneously and independently.
The Schachter-Singer Theory emphasizes the importance of cognitive appraisal in interpreting physiological arousal in order to experience a given emotion type.
Individuals' cognitive appraisal of a situation determines the emotion they experience.

Motivation

Motivation is the process of activating, maintaining, and directing behavior toward specific goals.
Motives (thoughts, feelings, or conditions) are the driving forces that stimulate and shape behaviors directed toward particular goals.
Homeostasis is the body's process to maintain internal equilibrium, which includes maintaining good metabolic and chemical processes in the body.
Basic motives categorized under physiological needs include hunger, thirst, sleep, and needs related to air, temperature and pain avoidance/regulation.
Social motives include altruism, achievement, affiliation, social approval, and a desire for status. These motives arise from interactions with others and reflect the influence of social constructs, such as needs and pressures.
Sex drive is a motivation that's neither strictly physiological or social but has a combination of factors.
Various theories of motivation include instinctive, drive-reduction, cognitive theories, and interactionist perspectives, such as the interactionism exemplified by Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs.

Unconscious Motivation

Unconscious motivation refers to motives that drive behavior, but that the individuals may not be consciously aware of. These motives are often rooted in past experiences, repressed thoughts, and unmet needs or desires.
A psychoanalytic perspective would link these motives to some repressed memory, thought, or feeling.
Signs of unconscious motivation can include denial, manifestations of emotional tension without acknowledgement, or inconsistencies in behavior over time.

Emotional Intelligence

Emotional intelligence involves using emotional awareness and judgment in decision-making. The capability to understand and use one's own, and other's emotions, is a crucial aspect in making good decisions.
While the concept of emotional intelligence is quite popular, evidence for its existence remains somewhat weak. There are still significant measurement challenges involved.

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Description

Test your understanding of the physiological measures related to emotions and the autonomic nervous system in this quiz. Explore concepts like the fight or flight response, homeostasis, and the opponent-process theory of emotions. Challenge your knowledge on how emotions influence decision-making and the limitations of self-reports in measuring emotional states.