Psychology Chapter on Depression and Therapy Models

Questions and Answers

What is considered to be the most effective single piece of advice for someone experiencing depression?

Medication

Meditation

Therapy sessions

Exercise (correct)

Which of the following models takes a simplistic view, suggesting that emotional distress is caused purely by biological or genetic factors?

Biological model (correct)

Psychodynamic model

Cognitive behavioural model

Behavioural model

What two types of conditioning are central to behavioural therapy?

Reflective and associative conditioning

Emotional and cognitive conditioning

Classical and operant conditioning (correct)

Genetic and biological conditioning

Which therapy model emphasizes the role of thoughts in determining feelings and behaviors?

Cognitive behavioural therapy Signup and view all the answers

Who is acknowledged as the founder of psychodynamic therapy?

Sigmund Freud Signup and view all the answers

What approach do clinicians take when trying to understand mental illness?

Biopsychosocial approach Signup and view all the answers

Which two types of therapy have the strongest evidence bases?

Behavioural and cognitive behavioural therapy Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of therapeutic relationship did Freud emphasize as important?

The feelings between client and therapist Signup and view all the answers

What did John Watson assert about human psychology?

It can be explained solely through Classical conditioning. Signup and view all the answers

In Pavlov's experiment, what is the unconditioned stimulus?

The meat powder Signup and view all the answers

What role does the clicking metronome play in Pavlov's experiment after conditioning?

It transforms into a conditioned stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary conclusion from Watson and Rayner's Little Albert experiment?

Emotional responses can be conditioned in humans. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes classical conditioning?

A process where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response. Signup and view all the answers

What was Little Albert's initial reaction to the stimuli presented in the experiment?

He demonstrated no observable fear. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of behaviorism was highlighted by Pavlov's dog experiments?

The ability to condition responses to previously neutral stimuli. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions were associated with the unconditioned response in Pavlov's experiment?

The presentation of meat powder. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Advice for Depression

Exercise is strongly linked to reduced symptoms of depression, supported by research findings.

Models of Psychological Therapy

Four foundational therapy models: Biological, Psychodynamic, Behavioural, and Cognitive Behavioural.

Biological Model

Suggests emotional distress arises from biological/genetic factors, such as neurotransmitter deficits (e.g., serotonin, dopamine).
Importance of a biopsychosocial approach, considering biological, psychological, and social influences on mental health.

Psychodynamic Therapy

Founded by Sigmund Freud, recognized as the father of clinical psychology.
Emphasizes the significance of therapist-client feelings, a concept still vital in mental health practice today.

Behavioural Therapy

Focuses on observable behaviors rather than internal processes.
Grounded in classical and operant conditioning principles.

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)

Extends behavioural therapy by highlighting the impact of thoughts and cognitions on emotions and behaviors.
Both behavioural and cognitive behavioural therapies have strong empirical support for effectiveness.

Behaviourism

Began in 1913 with John Watson's publication "Psychology as the Behaviourist Views It."
Postulates that all human psychology can be explained through classical conditioning processes.

Pavlov's Experiment

Demonstrated classical conditioning through his work with dogs, linking unconditioned (natural) responses to conditioned stimuli.
Unconditioned stimulus: meat powder; unconditioned response: salivation.
Dogs salivated not only to meat, but also to associated stimuli (e.g., sounds related to food delivery).

Classical Conditioning

Pavlov trained dogs to salivate in response to a neutral stimulus (clicking metronome) by pairing it with an unconditioned stimulus (meat powder).
After repeated pairings, the metronome alone elicited the salivating response, demonstrating classical conditioning.

Human Responses to Conditioning

Questioned whether conditioning principles apply to humans; explored in the ethically controversial Little Albert experiment.
Conducted by Watson and Rayner in 1920, demonstrated conditioned fear responses in a child (Little Albert) through exposure to a white rat paired with a loud noise.
Initially, Little Albert showed no fear to the rat, but learned to associate it with fear due to the unconditioned stimulus (loud noise).

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Description

Explore the links between exercise and depression, and delve into the four foundational models of psychological therapy: Biological, Psychodynamic, Behavioural, and Cognitive Behavioural. This quiz covers key concepts from each model and their relevance in mental health treatment.