Psychology Chapter on Depression and Personality Traits

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Questions and Answers

What percentage of individuals with depression typically recover within 6 months?

15%

70%

54% (correct)

12%

What is a major concern regarding Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs) when used as antidepressants?

They are used alongside SSRIs

They target only norepinephrine

They increase serotonin levels too much

They can cause severe dietary restrictions (correct)

Why did Tricyclics become more favored than MAOIs in the treatment of depression?

Tricyclics had no side effects

MAOIs were mainly used in the 1950s and had significant side effects (correct)

Tricyclics were less effective

Tricyclics are more controversial

Which of the following therapies is NOT listed as an effective psychological intervention for depressive disorders?

Aversion Therapy Signup and view all the answers

What potential risk is associated with overdosing on Tricyclics?

Cardiotoxicity Signup and view all the answers

Which term is more accurate when describing traits such as aggressiveness and manipulativeness?

Psychopathy Signup and view all the answers

What is the internal consistency reliability of the NEO-Personality Inventory Revised?

0.9 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors was found to have the highest heritability among the Big 5 factors?

Openness Signup and view all the answers

Which study provided evidence against the universality of the Big 5 model?

Gurven et al., 2012 Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method used in the NEO-Personality Inventory Revised for measuring personality traits?

240 questions with a 5-point scale Signup and view all the answers

In the study by De Young et al., 2010, which part of the brain's volume was correlated with Conscientiousness?

Middle frontal gyrus Signup and view all the answers

What was the result of the longitudinal studies regarding personality stability over time?

Personality traits remain stable over time Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is NOT associated with Conduct Disorder?

Lack of remorse Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method of administering the Psychopathy Checklist (PCL)?

Semi-structured face-to-face interview Signup and view all the answers

How many items are scored to determine psychopathy in the Psychopathy Checklist?

20 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Antisocial Personality Disorder?

Persistent pattern of irritable moods Signup and view all the answers

At what age must evidence of Conduct Disorder be present to diagnose Antisocial Personality Disorder?

Before age 15 Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is characterized by 'untruthfulness and insincerity' in psychopathy?

Emotional-interpersonal deficits Signup and view all the answers

What score range on the Psychopathy Checklist indicates a psychopath?

30+ Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) is accurate?

ODD typically precedes Conduct Disorder. Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a common feature of deficient emotional experience in psychopathy?

General poverty in major affective reactions Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'pathologic egocentricity' in emotional-interpersonal deficits signify?

Inability to recognize others' needs Signup and view all the answers

What do core beliefs primarily influence in individuals at risk for mental health problems?

Their inflexible beliefs about themselves and the future Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes intermediate beliefs and assumptions in cognitive behavioral therapy?

They consist of rigid, conditional 'rules for living' Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of automatic thoughts in cognitive behavioral therapy?

They are consistent with cognitive distortions and core beliefs Signup and view all the answers

What does case formulation in CBT primarily provide?

A conceptualization of how difficulties have developed and are maintained Signup and view all the answers

Which conditioning theories contribute to behavior understanding in CBT?

Both operant conditioning and classical conditioning Signup and view all the answers

Which personality traits are most characteristic of psychopathy according to the provided classification?

High on extraversion and openness Signup and view all the answers

How does cognitive restructuring function in CBT?

By challenging thoughts and weighing evidence Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism underlies social learning theory?

Learning through observation, imitation, and modeling Signup and view all the answers

What criteria are essential for diagnosing Antisocial Personality Disorder according to the DSM-5?

Conduct disorder evidence before the age of 15 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the traits identified by Hervey Cleckley as related to psychopathy?

Chronic compliance with societal rules Signup and view all the answers

What is a common aim of monitoring thoughts and emotions in CBT?

To generate insights based on diary or records Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Cleckley's work on psychopathy?

Details of behavioral patterns seen in psychopathic individuals Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a cognitive distortion found in automatic thoughts?

Over-generalizing from a single negative event Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the controversy surrounding Antisocial Personality Disorder and psychopathy?

It is unclear how they differ, leading to debate in clinical classifications. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of CBT is primarily responsible for challenging established thought patterns?

Sporadic questioning and guided discovery Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of behavior does the term 'chronic behavior deviance' refer to in Cleckley's criteria?

Continual disregard for societal rules and ethics Signup and view all the answers

Which trait is specifically NOT associated with psychopathy as indicated in the classification?

Emotional instability Signup and view all the answers

According to the psychopathy classification, how do psychopaths typically respond to the feelings of others?

They show indifference toward the mistreatment of others. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about psychopathy when comparing it to Antisocial Personality Disorder?

They are interchangeable with no clear distinctions. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

PSYC2101 - Full Lecture Notes

Course covers assessment, personality, and psychopathology
University of New South Wales

Course Orientation - Lecture 0 - Pre-Term

Course Topics: Psychological assessment, assessment of psychopathology, assessment of intelligence, concept of personality type, personality disorders, psychopathology, defining 'abnormal', categorisation of mental disorders, introduction to childhood disorders, eating disorders, anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and schizophrenia, introduction to child and adult psychological therapies
Assessments:
- Tutorial Preparation (5%)
- Tutorial Presentation (10%) - 10-minute presentation + 5-minute discussion in pairs, based on assigned readings
- Short Answer Questions (35%) - 1 x 500-word & 1 x 750-word response, submitted via Turnitin on Moodle
- Final Exam (50%) - scheduled during end-of-term examination period (date TBA)

Course Introduction - Online Lesson - Week 1

Assessment of Psychological Constructs: Can psychological constructs be quantified?
What is abnormal?: When does a personality trait become a mental disorder, and is all suffering pathological?
Classifications of Mental Disorders: Classification = the act or process of dividing things into groups according to their type. Mental disorders are classified by symptoms that meet a specific 'diagnostic criteria.'
Classifying Mental Disorders:
- Abnormal thoughts/behaviors = statistically infrequent, violate social norms, cause distress and cause impairment
- Mental Disorder = cluster of abnormal thoughts & behaviors
- Most medical disorders classified via biological testing (e.g., diabetes)
- Mental disorders classified by observable behaviors and self-reported feelings (symptoms)

LECTURE 1 - WEEK 1

Abnormal thoughts/behaviors: statistically infrequent, violate social norms, cause distress, cause impairment
Mental Disorder: a cluster of abnormal thoughts and behaviors
Are all mental disorders simply extremes of normal behavior?: No. There are behaviours considered universally abnormal despite cultural differences

LECTURE 2 - WEEK 1

Reliability: Consistency of measurement (e.g., test-retest, inter-rater, internal consistency)
Validity: Accuracy of measurement (e.g., content, construct, criterion - concurrent and predictive)
Measurement Error: Random (unpredictable) and systematic (consistent) errors

LECTURE 3 - WEEK 2

Personality: Individual differences in characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaviour, relatively stable over time
Assumptions: Personality is stable and quantifiable
Hippocrates & four humours: Belief that personality traits were caused by imbalance of body fluids (e.g., sanguine, choleric, melancholic, phlegmatic)
Factor Analysis: Method of determining personality traits (clusters/items) by their correlation with each other.
Cattell and 16PF: Early influential 16-factor model of personality. Also discussed by Eysenck

LECTURE 4 - WEEK 2

Antisocial Personality Disorder vs. Psychopathy: Distinctions and overlaps regarding traits, prevalences (including in specialized populations), and treatment approaches.

LECTURE 5 - WEEK 3

Introduction to Personality Disorders: What is a personality disorder? Overview of DSM-5 Clusters.
Categorical approach: Placing individuals into predefined categories, typically used in the DSM-5.
Limitations and critiques of categorical approach: Arbitrariness of cut-offs, potential for extensive heterogeneity, missed relational context

LECTURE 6 - WEEK 3

Childhood Disorders Part 1: Statistics and trends of childhood disorders. Prevalence, onset age, impact on adult outcomes.
Internalizing disorders: Anxiety disorders (separation anxiety, specific phobia, social anxiety, panic) , depressive disorders (disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, major depressive disorder).
Externalizing disorders: Disruptive, impulse control & conduct disorders (oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, intermittent explosive disorder) and other neurodevelopmental disorders.
Psychological services: The pathway, referral, and assessment process for children

LECTURE 7 - WEEK 4

ABC Analysis: A method of identifying antecedents, behaviors, and consequences of problematic behaviors to aid in understanding or modifying behaviors.
Coercive cycles: Relationship between two parties (e.g. parent-child, teacher-student) where behaviours escalate until one party "gives in," leading to negative reinforcement and the cycle continues.
Parenting Management Training (PMT): Intervention for conduct problems that aims to teach parents more effective strategies.

(Continued on following pages)

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Explore the intricate relationships between depression treatment, personality traits, and approaches in psychology with this quiz. Dive into the effectiveness of various antidepressants, the Big 5 personality factors, and research studies that impact our understanding of psychological health.