Psychology Chapter on Depression and Personality Traits

A personality model with five broad traits: Openness to experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism. Each trait reflects a continuum from one extreme to the other, forming the basis of individual personality.

A personality assessment that measures the five broad traits of the Big 5 Model. It includes 240 questions with 5-point response options, each trait further divided into six sub-factors or facets.

A study that follows the same individuals over a period of time to examine how personality traits change or remain stable. It looks at how the Big 5 model might evolve or be consistent across life stages.

The degree to which personality traits are shared among identical twins. It suggests that genes play a role in shaping personality traits, influencing their development and expression.

The study of the brain's structures and functions involved in personality. It investigates the neural correlates of personality traits within the Big 5 Model.

The idea that personality traits are consistent across different cultures and groups, suggesting a universal human nature. However, some studies suggest cultural variation in the expression of these traits.

A study that examined the Big 5 personality model in a specific cultural group, the Tsimane people of the Bolivian jungle. It revealed a different personality structure, highlighting the potential for cultural influence on personality.

A personality disorder characterized by a pattern of disregard for and violation of others' rights, often beginning in childhood.

A specific construct related to APD, characterized by a constellation of personality traits and behaviors, typically involving superficial charm, manipulativeness, lack of empathy, and a disregard for social norms.

A prominent American psychiatrist who significantly contributed to the understanding of psychopathy through his book 'The Mask of Sanity,' which provided detailed descriptions based on clinical observations.

The first factor in Cleckley's 16 criteria for psychopathy, encompassing traits like superficial charm, intelligence, and lack of anxiety.

The second factor in Cleckley's 16 criteria for psychopathy, encompassing a chronic pattern of deviant behaviors, such as impulsivity, lack of responsibility, and disregard for others' safety.

A prominent research model for studying psychopathy, developed by Robert Hare, that assesses various psychopathic traits using a structured interview and questionnaire.

An approach to understanding mental disorders that focuses on categories or distinct groups based on specific symptom clusters.

A diagnostic criterion for APD, according to DSM-5, that emphasizes the earliest signs of behavioral problems, including truancy and theft.

A significant debate and ongoing research area in understanding psychopathy, focusing on the subtle distinctions and overlaps between APD and psychopathy.

A pattern of behavior characterized by 3 or more of the following: aggression to people and animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness/theft, and serious violation of rules. Typically begins in childhood and can persist into adulthood.

A pattern of angry/irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behavior, or vindictiveness involving 4 or more of the following: losing temper, being annoyed, angry, argumentative, defiant, annoying others, blaming others, and spitefulness.

A structured interview and review of records used to assess psychopathy. It involves scoring 20 items on a 3-point scale, with a total score indicating the level of psychopathic traits.

A score of 30 or above on the Psychopathy Checklist, indicating a high likelihood of psychopathy.

A score between 21 and 29 on the Psychopathy Checklist, indicating a moderate level of psychopathic traits.

A score below 21 on the Psychopathy Checklist, indicating a low likelihood of psychopathy.

A specific loss of insight refers to a lack of awareness and understanding of one's own personality disorder. It is a common feature of many personality disorders, including psychopathy.

A general poverty in major affective reactions refers to a limited range of emotions and an inability to experience strong feelings like love, joy, sadness, or fear. This is characteristic of individuals with psychopathy.

A common mental health condition where individuals experience persistent sadness, loss of interest, and other symptoms affecting their daily life.

A type of therapy that focuses on identifying and changing negative thoughts and behaviors that contribute to depression. It helps individuals develop coping skills and challenge unhelpful thinking patterns.

A therapy approach that helps individuals understand and address interpersonal issues that might be contributing to their depression. It focuses on improving communication and relationships.

A treatment strategy that involves increasing engaging activities to improve mood and reduce symptoms of depression. Individuals are encouraged to participate in enjoyable and meaningful activities.

Medications designed to regulate the levels of neurotransmitters, such as serotonin and norepinephrine, in the brain that are involved in mood regulation.

Inflexible and enduring beliefs about ourselves, others, and the future. They are deeply ingrained and tend to be resistant to change.

Conditional rules for living that guide our responses to challenges and stressors. Often expressed as 'if-then' statements.

Spontaneous, negative thoughts or images that pop up in our minds. Often linked to core beliefs and fueled by cognitive distortions.

Learning how emotions become associated with specific situations through repeated pairings.

Learning through rewards and punishments. Behaviors with positive consequences are more likely to be repeated.

Learning by observing and imitating the behaviors of others.

A comprehensive understanding of how a person's difficulties developed and persist. It includes a hypothesis of the contributing factors and how they interact.

Examining and challenging automatic thoughts and images to identify any distortions.

Focusing on the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors associated with a situation. Examples include journaling, mood tracking, and self-monitoring.