Khan p 191-200 Psychology Chapter on Conditioning and Reinforce

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What is the primary goal of counterconditioning?

To reinforce unwanted behaviors

To create new phobias

To eliminate unwanted behaviors completely

To replace an unwanted response with a wanted response (correct)

In counterconditioning, what happens to the unwanted response?

It is replaced by a new, wanted response (correct)

It remains unchanged

It disappears instantly

It is punished until removed

What is the process of negative reinforcement aimed at achieving?

Increasing the likelihood of a behavior (correct)

Decreasing the likelihood of a behavior

Removing a negative consequence

Adding a positive stimulus

What distinguishes primary reinforcers from secondary reinforcers?

Primary reinforcers are instinctively satisfying Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a method associated with counterconditioning?

Shaping Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during operant extinction?

A behavior stops being reinforced over time Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?

Operant conditioning focuses on behavior and consequences, while classical focuses on stimuli Signup and view all the answers

Which type of reinforcement involves removing an unpleasant stimulus?

Negative reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of instinctual drift describe?

Instinctive behaviors can replace learned behaviors Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of a token economy?

It is based on systematic reinforcement of behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of operant conditioning?

The influence of rewards and punishments on behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents positive reinforcement?

Giving a child a toy for doing homework Signup and view all the answers

How is a motivational state typically established?

By depriving the subject of a desirable stimulus Signup and view all the answers

What role does immediacy of feedback play in behavior modification?

It increases the effectiveness of reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

What does systematic desensitization aim to address?

Reducing phobias through gradual exposure Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of positive punishment?

To decrease the likelihood of a behavior Signup and view all the answers

What type of norm is characterized by mild reactions and does not result in severe consequences when violated?

Folkways Signup and view all the answers

Which type of norm often evokes strong feelings and is based on moral values or beliefs?

Mores Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes laws from other norms?

They have formal and consistent consequences. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes taboos?

Behaviors that are forbidden and considered immoral in any context. Signup and view all the answers

Which situation would likely involve a violation of a law rather than a folkway or more?

Lying under oath in court. Signup and view all the answers

The violations of which type of norm can sometimes lead to public outrage?

Mores Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actions is an example of a folkway violation?

Failing to help someone who dropped their items. Signup and view all the answers

What might be a potential consequence of violating a taboo?

Social isolation or severe legal penalties. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reinforcer used for the pigeon when it pecks the button?

Bird seed Signup and view all the answers

What behavior is likely to occur after the pigeon realizes the button is not dispensing food?

Decreased pecking frequency Signup and view all the answers

In aversive conditioning, what does UCS stand for?

Unconditioned stimulus Signup and view all the answers

What is the ultimate goal of systematic desensitization?

To associate relaxation with a feared stimulus Signup and view all the answers

What is an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) in the context of classical conditioning?

A naturally occurring stimulus that elicits a response Signup and view all the answers

What happens during implosive therapy?

Clients are placed in overwhelming scenarios with their fears. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes classical conditioning?

It results from the pairing of a neutral stimulus with a potent stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of aversive conditioning, what is the role of the electric shock?

It is the unconditioned stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a response that is elicited by a neutral stimulus after conditioning?

Conditioned response (CR) Signup and view all the answers

What could be a potential outcome if the shock is never given during aversive conditioning?

The smoking behavior will likely continue. Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the process of generalization in classical conditioning?

A conditioned response is exhibited to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common method used to introduce a feared object in systematic desensitization?

Gradual exposure starting from visuals to real encounters Signup and view all the answers

During classical conditioning, which term refers to the process of a neutral stimulus becoming associated with a response?

Conditioning Signup and view all the answers

What is extinction in the context of classical conditioning?

The loss of a conditioned response due to disuse Signup and view all the answers

How does a neutral stimulus become a conditioned stimulus?

By consistently following the unconditioned stimulus Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a conditioned response (CR) compared to an unconditioned response (UCR)?

Conditioned responses are learned behaviors in reaction to specific stimuli. Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the ability of a stimulus similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response?

Generalization Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when a conditioned response is no longer elicited by the conditioned stimulus?

Extinction Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves responding differently to related stimuli?

Discrimination Signup and view all the answers

What is spontaneous recovery?

A sudden increase in a conditioned response after a period of extinction Signup and view all the answers

What is the adaptive benefit of generalization?

It allows for appropriate responses to similar stimuli. Signup and view all the answers

What typically happens during an extinction burst?

There is a sudden, temporary spike in the frequency of the response. Signup and view all the answers

Which example illustrates discrimination?

A guinea pig only reacts to the sound of the refrigerator and ignores other sounds. Signup and view all the answers

What does extinction lead to over time?

The eventual reduction of the undesired behavior. Signup and view all the answers