Khan p 191-200 Psychology Chapter on Conditioning and Reinforce

Social rules that are understood but not written down and don't have specific punishments for breaking them.

A type of informal norm that reflects common customs or manners, like saying thank you or opening doors.

Informal norms based on moral beliefs about what is right or wrong, like telling the truth or respecting others.

Formal norms that are written down and have serious consequences for breaking them.

Behaviours that are completely forbidden and highly immoral, leading to severe consequences.

Social rules that are generally agreed upon by a group and create expectations for behaviour.

Norms that involve a formal process, like being written down, and have specific punishments for violators.

Norms that are based on tradition and long-held practices, often passed down through generations.

A type of learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a natural response.

The original stimulus that naturally triggers a response, without prior learning.

The natural reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.

A neutral stimulus that, through repeated pairings with the unconditioned stimulus, becomes associated with the unconditioned response.

The learned reaction to the conditioned stimulus.

The process of repeatedly pairing the neutral stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus to create a conditioned response.

A weakening of the conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus.

The reappearance of a conditioned response after a period of extinction.

The initial stage in classical conditioning where a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus, leading to an association.

The gradual decrease in the strength of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus.

The reappearance of a conditioned response after a period of extinction.

A type of classical conditioning where a negative stimulus is paired with an undesirable behavior to reduce the likelihood of that behavior occurring.

A gradual process of reducing anxiety by repeatedly exposing the individual to the feared stimulus while they practice relaxation techniques.

A type of exposure therapy where an individual is confronted with their feared stimulus in a controlled environment, aiming to reduce anxiety by showing that harm is unlikely.

A type of exposure therapy where the client confronts their feared stimulus in a gradual manner, starting with low-intensity exposure and gradually increasing the intensity.

The tendency for a stimulus similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response. The more similar the stimulus is to the original conditioned stimulus, the stronger the conditioned response.

The ability to differentiate between stimuli and respond differently to them. For example, a dog may be trained to respond to a specific bell, but not respond to other sounds.

A sudden increase in the frequency of a behavior that is being extinguished. This is often observed right before extinction is complete.

A learning method where a desired behavior is conditioned by pairing it with a positive stimulus, replacing an unwanted behavior associated with that stimulus.

A behavior learning method where the behavior's consequences directly affect its likelihood of occurring again.

The process that increases the frequency of a behavior by introducing something positive as a reward.

The process that increases the frequency of a behavior by removing something negative, such as an annoying sound, when the desired behavior is performed.

A consequence that decreases the frequency of a behavior by adding something unpleasant.

A consequence that decreases the frequency of a behavior by removing something pleasant.

The process of gradually shaping a behavior by reinforcing successive approximations of the desired behavior.

Satisfying and desirable stimuli, like food or water.

Stimuli that become reinforcing through association with primary reinforcers. Think money or good grades.

A system where desired behaviors are rewarded with tokens that can be exchanged for other reinforcers, like prizes.

The gradual weakening and disappearance of a learned behavior when it's no longer reinforced.