Khan p 191-200 Psychology Chapter on Conditioning and Reinforce

<p>Primary reinforcers are instinctively satisfying (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Shaping (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A behavior stops being reinforced over time (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Operant conditioning focuses on behavior and consequences, while classical focuses on stimuli (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Negative reinforcement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Instinctive behaviors can replace learned behaviors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is based on systematic reinforcement of behavior (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The influence of rewards and punishments on behavior (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Giving a child a toy for doing homework (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By depriving the subject of a desirable stimulus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It increases the effectiveness of reinforcement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reducing phobias through gradual exposure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To decrease the likelihood of a behavior (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Folkways (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mores (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They have formal and consistent consequences. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Behaviors that are forbidden and considered immoral in any context. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lying under oath in court. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mores (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Failing to help someone who dropped their items. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Social isolation or severe legal penalties. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bird seed (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased pecking frequency (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unconditioned stimulus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To associate relaxation with a feared stimulus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A naturally occurring stimulus that elicits a response (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Clients are placed in overwhelming scenarios with their fears. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It results from the pairing of a neutral stimulus with a potent stimulus. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is the unconditioned stimulus. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conditioned response (CR) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The smoking behavior will likely continue. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A conditioned response is exhibited to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gradual exposure starting from visuals to real encounters (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conditioning (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The loss of a conditioned response due to disuse (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By consistently following the unconditioned stimulus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conditioned responses are learned behaviors in reaction to specific stimuli. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Generalization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Extinction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Discrimination (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A sudden increase in a conditioned response after a period of extinction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allows for appropriate responses to similar stimuli. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There is a sudden, temporary spike in the frequency of the response. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A guinea pig only reacts to the sound of the refrigerator and ignores other sounds. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The eventual reduction of the undesired behavior. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Social rules that are understood but not written down and don't have specific punishments for breaking them.

A type of informal norm that reflects common customs or manners, like saying thank you or opening doors.

Informal norms based on moral beliefs about what is right or wrong, like telling the truth or respecting others.

Formal norms that are written down and have serious consequences for breaking them.

Behaviours that are completely forbidden and highly immoral, leading to severe consequences.

Social rules that are generally agreed upon by a group and create expectations for behaviour.

Norms that involve a formal process, like being written down, and have specific punishments for violators.

Norms that are based on tradition and long-held practices, often passed down through generations.

A type of learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a natural response.

The original stimulus that naturally triggers a response, without prior learning.

The natural reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.

A neutral stimulus that, through repeated pairings with the unconditioned stimulus, becomes associated with the unconditioned response.

The learned reaction to the conditioned stimulus.

The process of repeatedly pairing the neutral stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus to create a conditioned response.

A weakening of the conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus.

The reappearance of a conditioned response after a period of extinction.

The initial stage in classical conditioning where a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus, leading to an association.

The gradual decrease in the strength of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus.

The reappearance of a conditioned response after a period of extinction.

A type of classical conditioning where a negative stimulus is paired with an undesirable behavior to reduce the likelihood of that behavior occurring.

A gradual process of reducing anxiety by repeatedly exposing the individual to the feared stimulus while they practice relaxation techniques.

A type of exposure therapy where an individual is confronted with their feared stimulus in a controlled environment, aiming to reduce anxiety by showing that harm is unlikely.

A type of exposure therapy where the client confronts their feared stimulus in a gradual manner, starting with low-intensity exposure and gradually increasing the intensity.

The tendency for a stimulus similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response. The more similar the stimulus is to the original conditioned stimulus, the stronger the conditioned response.

The ability to differentiate between stimuli and respond differently to them. For example, a dog may be trained to respond to a specific bell, but not respond to other sounds.

A sudden increase in the frequency of a behavior that is being extinguished. This is often observed right before extinction is complete.

A learning method where a desired behavior is conditioned by pairing it with a positive stimulus, replacing an unwanted behavior associated with that stimulus.

A behavior learning method where the behavior's consequences directly affect its likelihood of occurring again.

The process that increases the frequency of a behavior by introducing something positive as a reward.

The process that increases the frequency of a behavior by removing something negative, such as an annoying sound, when the desired behavior is performed.

A consequence that decreases the frequency of a behavior by adding something unpleasant.

A consequence that decreases the frequency of a behavior by removing something pleasant.

The process of gradually shaping a behavior by reinforcing successive approximations of the desired behavior.

Satisfying and desirable stimuli, like food or water.

Stimuli that become reinforcing through association with primary reinforcers. Think money or good grades.

A system where desired behaviors are rewarded with tokens that can be exchanged for other reinforcers, like prizes.

The gradual weakening and disappearance of a learned behavior when it's no longer reinforced.