Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following best describes System 1 thinking?
Which of the following best describes System 1 thinking?
- Conscious and logical
- Fast and intuitive (correct)
- Deliberate and reflective
- Slow and methodical
What is meant by the term 'priming'?
What is meant by the term 'priming'?
- The process of deliberate decision-making
- The formation of new memories based on inference
- The ability to recognize emotional reactions
- The activation of certain associations without conscious awareness (correct)
Which phenomenon describes the tendency to be more confident than correct?
Which phenomenon describes the tendency to be more confident than correct?
- Cognitive dissonance
- Illusory intuition
- Confirmation bias
- Overconfidence phenomenon (correct)
How does embodied cognition influence human perception?
How does embodied cognition influence human perception?
Which example reflects the concept of illusory intuition?
Which example reflects the concept of illusory intuition?
What aspect of System 2 thinking differentiates it from System 1?
What aspect of System 2 thinking differentiates it from System 1?
Which statement is true about the unconscious influences on memory?
Which statement is true about the unconscious influences on memory?
What does controlled thinking primarily involve?
What does controlled thinking primarily involve?
What is confirmation bias primarily characterized as?
What is confirmation bias primarily characterized as?
Which of the following best describes heuristics?
Which of the following best describes heuristics?
What does the availability heuristic suggest regarding memory?
What does the availability heuristic suggest regarding memory?
How does counterfactual thinking impact decision-making?
How does counterfactual thinking impact decision-making?
What is an illusory correlation?
What is an illusory correlation?
Which heuristic involves judging based on the resemblance to a typical member of a category?
Which heuristic involves judging based on the resemblance to a typical member of a category?
What can prompt feedback help remedy?
What can prompt feedback help remedy?
The tendency to search for order in random events can lead to which cognitive error?
The tendency to search for order in random events can lead to which cognitive error?
What is a common misconception that gamblers hold about their wins?
What is a common misconception that gamblers hold about their wins?
What does 'regression toward the average' describe in the context of exam scores?
What does 'regression toward the average' describe in the context of exam scores?
How do moods influence our social judgments according to the content provided?
How do moods influence our social judgments according to the content provided?
What is one impact of believing that premonitions correlate with future events?
What is one impact of believing that premonitions correlate with future events?
What cognitive effect can result from individuals being in a bad mood?
What cognitive effect can result from individuals being in a bad mood?
What role do beliefs and attitudes play in shaping our perceptions?
What role do beliefs and attitudes play in shaping our perceptions?
What is a typical response of students who earn low scores on their first exam?
What is a typical response of students who earn low scores on their first exam?
Which of the following best describes the 'illusion of control' as it pertains to gamblers?
Which of the following best describes the 'illusion of control' as it pertains to gamblers?
What is the fundamental attribution error primarily concerned with?
What is the fundamental attribution error primarily concerned with?
How does Cinderella's situation in the text illustrate the fundamental attribution error?
How does Cinderella's situation in the text illustrate the fundamental attribution error?
Why do people tend to view others' behavior differently than their own?
Why do people tend to view others' behavior differently than their own?
How do cultural perspectives influence fundamental attribution error?
How do cultural perspectives influence fundamental attribution error?
What does a self-fulfilling prophecy refer to?
What does a self-fulfilling prophecy refer to?
What is a common misconception about individuals when they display anger, based on the content provided?
What is a common misconception about individuals when they display anger, based on the content provided?
Which characteristic is commonly associated with the individualistic worldview in Western cultures?
Which characteristic is commonly associated with the individualistic worldview in Western cultures?
What impact do social beliefs and judgments have on behavior?
What impact do social beliefs and judgments have on behavior?
What is behavioral confirmation?
What is behavioral confirmation?
How can beliefs about a job interview influence the outcome?
How can beliefs about a job interview influence the outcome?
In the example of male students talking to women based on perceived attractiveness, what was a key outcome?
In the example of male students talking to women based on perceived attractiveness, what was a key outcome?
What do attitudes influence according to the content provided?
What do attitudes influence according to the content provided?
What might happen to a person believed to be lonely in social situations?
What might happen to a person believed to be lonely in social situations?
In the context of relationships, how does believing a partner could be a life partner affect behavior?
In the context of relationships, how does believing a partner could be a life partner affect behavior?
What role do erroneous beliefs play in social interactions according to the experiments by Mark Snyder?
What role do erroneous beliefs play in social interactions according to the experiments by Mark Snyder?
When job interviewees are believed to be warm, what behavior might they exhibit?
When job interviewees are believed to be warm, what behavior might they exhibit?
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Study Notes
Two Brain Systems
- System 1 (Automatic Processing/Thinking): Intuitive, unconscious, fast, effortless, habitual, without awareness.
- Examples: Schemas, emotional reactions, expertise, conditioned dispositions, snap judgments.
- System 2 (Controlled Processing/Thinking): Deliberate, conscious, slow, reflective.
- Examples: Facts, names, past experiences.
Priming and Embodied Cognition
- Priming: The awakening or activating of certain associations.
- Embodied Cognition: The mutual influence of bodily sensations on cognitive preferences and social judgments.
- Example: Feeling hopeless can lead to perceiving rooms as darker.
Illusory Intuition & Overconfidence
- Illusory Intuition: Believing a relationship exists between two people, events, or behaviors when there's no logical connection.
- Overconfidence Phenomenon: The tendency to be more confident than correct; overestimating the accuracy of beliefs.
- Confirmation Bias: The tendency to seek information that confirms preconceptions.
- Remedies for overconfidence:
- Prompt feedback
- Seeking out reasons why judgments might be wrong
Heuristics
- Heuristics: Mental shortcuts or rules of thumb simplifying decision-making and problem-solving.
Types of Heuristics
- Representativeness Heuristic: Judging something by intuitively comparing it to a mental representation of a category.
- Availability Heuristic: Judging the likelihood of things based on their availability in memory.
- Easier-to-recall events seem more likely.
- Counterfactual Thinking: Imagining alternative scenarios and outcomes that could have happened but didn't.
Illusory Correlation & Regression Toward the Average
- Illusory Correlation: Perceiving a relationship where none exists or perceiving a stronger relationship than actually exists.
- Regression Toward the Average: The statistical tendency for extreme scores or behavior to return to their average.
Mood and Social Judgment
- Our moods color our judgments by bringing to mind past experiences associated with the mood.
- When in a bad mood, we are more likely to have depressing thoughts.
- Mood-related thoughts can distract us from complex thinking.
- When emotionally aroused, we are more likely to make snap judgments and evaluate others based on stereotypes.
Fundamental Attribution Error
- The tendency to underestimate the impact of external circumstances on behavior and misattribute behaviors to personal traits.
- Example: Seeing Cinderella as meek at home but glamorous at the ball, overlooking situational influence.
- Cultures influence this error. Individualistic cultures place more emphasis on individual traits, while Eastern Asian cultures are more sensitive to situational factors.
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
- A belief that leads to its own fulfillment.
- A person's expectations about a situation shape their behavior, leading the situation to align with those expectations.
- Example: Believing you will fail an interview can lead to negative self-talk and potentially cause you to perform poorly, thus fulfilling the prophecy.
Behavioral Confirmation
- People's social expectations lead them to behave in ways that cause others to confirm those expectations.
- Example: Students talking to women they believed to be attractive spoke more warmly, leading the women to act in a way that confirmed their expectations.
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