Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is the ultimate objective of intelligence analysis?
Which of the following is the ultimate objective of intelligence analysis?
What is the key factor that effective intelligence analysis depends on?
What is the key factor that effective intelligence analysis depends on?
What are the desired end products of intelligence analysis?
What are the desired end products of intelligence analysis?
What is the importance of understanding the cognitive challenges of intelligence analysis?
What is the importance of understanding the cognitive challenges of intelligence analysis?
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Which system of thinking is quick, automatic, and relies on associations?
Which system of thinking is quick, automatic, and relies on associations?
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Based on the text, why do most people think the ball costs 10 cents?
Based on the text, why do most people think the ball costs 10 cents?
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What is a weakness of System 1 thinking?
What is a weakness of System 1 thinking?
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Based on the text, what is a strength of System 2 reasoning?
Based on the text, what is a strength of System 2 reasoning?
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What did Fischer and Spiker's model incorporate?
What did Fischer and Spiker's model incorporate?
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What did researchers in the 1950s notice about the rational-choice model of decision making?
What did researchers in the 1950s notice about the rational-choice model of decision making?
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What is the first cognitive system proposed by the heuristic theory?
What is the first cognitive system proposed by the heuristic theory?
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What do the most recent versions of heuristic theory propose about the two cognitive systems?
What do the most recent versions of heuristic theory propose about the two cognitive systems?
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Who developed the first test of critical thinking skills?
Who developed the first test of critical thinking skills?
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What did the American Philosophical Association attempt to do regarding critical thinking?
What did the American Philosophical Association attempt to do regarding critical thinking?
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What did the review of literature reveal about different conceptions of critical thinking?
What did the review of literature reveal about different conceptions of critical thinking?
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What is the authors' opinion on the empirical study of critical thinking?
What is the authors' opinion on the empirical study of critical thinking?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic that makes it more likely for System 2 to be engaged in critical thinking?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic that makes it more likely for System 2 to be engaged in critical thinking?
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What determines the specific response required to successfully end the process of critical thinking?
What determines the specific response required to successfully end the process of critical thinking?
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Which of the following is NOT a predisposing factor that influences the likelihood of using critical thinking skills?
Which of the following is NOT a predisposing factor that influences the likelihood of using critical thinking skills?
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What is the relationship between System 1 and System 2 in the process of critical thinking?
What is the relationship between System 1 and System 2 in the process of critical thinking?
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Which system is an automatic and uncontrolled process that cannot be consciously initiated or stopped?
Which system is an automatic and uncontrolled process that cannot be consciously initiated or stopped?
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Which system has the potential for controlling judgment, although it may not always utilize that potential?
Which system has the potential for controlling judgment, although it may not always utilize that potential?
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Which system works to narrow possible action paths and is often highly effective when the task must be accomplished quickly and when the problem space is limited?
Which system works to narrow possible action paths and is often highly effective when the task must be accomplished quickly and when the problem space is limited?
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Which system can provide multiple potential solutions and is more powerful when the problem space is novel or complex or when solutions must be innovative?
Which system can provide multiple potential solutions and is more powerful when the problem space is novel or complex or when solutions must be innovative?
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What is one of the reasons why individuals are reluctant to engage in critical thinking?
What is one of the reasons why individuals are reluctant to engage in critical thinking?
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What does the model of critical thinking discussed in the text posit as the primary inhibitory sources?
What does the model of critical thinking discussed in the text posit as the primary inhibitory sources?
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What can be a positive outcome of engaging in critical thinking?
What can be a positive outcome of engaging in critical thinking?
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What does the text suggest as a reason why the public seems disinclined to use critical thinking?
What does the text suggest as a reason why the public seems disinclined to use critical thinking?
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What does critical thinking require more of compared to System 1 processing?
What does critical thinking require more of compared to System 1 processing?
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What does the text mention as a potential negative affective consequence of engaging in critical thinking?
What does the text mention as a potential negative affective consequence of engaging in critical thinking?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of effective intelligence analysis?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of effective intelligence analysis?
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What is the role of critical thinking in intelligence analysis?
What is the role of critical thinking in intelligence analysis?
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Why is it important to understand the cognitive challenges of intelligence analysis?
Why is it important to understand the cognitive challenges of intelligence analysis?
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What is the dominant theory of decision making prior to the early 1970s?
What is the dominant theory of decision making prior to the early 1970s?
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What did researchers in the 1950s notice about the rational-choice model of decision making?
What did researchers in the 1950s notice about the rational-choice model of decision making?
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What does the heuristic theory propose about the cognitive processes used in making judgments?
What does the heuristic theory propose about the cognitive processes used in making judgments?
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What are the two cognitive systems proposed by the most recent versions of heuristic theory?
What are the two cognitive systems proposed by the most recent versions of heuristic theory?
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According to the model of critical thinking discussed in the text, what is posited as the primary inhibitory source for individuals to engage in critical thinking?
According to the model of critical thinking discussed in the text, what is posited as the primary inhibitory source for individuals to engage in critical thinking?
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What are some potential negative affective consequences of engaging in critical thinking?
What are some potential negative affective consequences of engaging in critical thinking?
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Based on the text, what is a potential positive outcome of engaging in critical thinking?
Based on the text, what is a potential positive outcome of engaging in critical thinking?
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Which system is an automatic and uncontrolled process that cannot be consciously initiated or stopped?
Which system is an automatic and uncontrolled process that cannot be consciously initiated or stopped?
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Which system has the potential for controlling judgment, although it may not always utilize that potential?
Which system has the potential for controlling judgment, although it may not always utilize that potential?
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What are the two characteristics of the situation that must be present to elicit critical thinking?
What are the two characteristics of the situation that must be present to elicit critical thinking?
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What determines the specific response required to successfully end the process of critical thinking?
What determines the specific response required to successfully end the process of critical thinking?
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What is the primary function of System 2 in the process of critical thinking?
What is the primary function of System 2 in the process of critical thinking?
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Which of the following is a weakness of System 2 reasoning?
Which of the following is a weakness of System 2 reasoning?
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What are the similarities between critical thinking and System 2?
What are the similarities between critical thinking and System 2?
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What is a potential negative affective consequence of engaging in critical thinking?
What is a potential negative affective consequence of engaging in critical thinking?
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Which factors influence the likelihood of a person using critical thinking skills?
Which factors influence the likelihood of a person using critical thinking skills?
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What determines the quality of a solution in critical thinking?
What determines the quality of a solution in critical thinking?
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Which system is used to solve a particular task in critical thinking?
Which system is used to solve a particular task in critical thinking?
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What is the role of critical thinking in understanding an intent statement?
What is the role of critical thinking in understanding an intent statement?
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What is the relationship between critical thinking and other psychological constructs?
What is the relationship between critical thinking and other psychological constructs?
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What is the primary focus of cognitive ergonomics or cognitive engineering?
What is the primary focus of cognitive ergonomics or cognitive engineering?
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What is the current state of empirical study on critical thinking and its relationship to other individual difference dimensions?
What is the current state of empirical study on critical thinking and its relationship to other individual difference dimensions?
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What is the purpose of the Watson-Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal?
What is the purpose of the Watson-Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal?
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True or false: Effective intelligence analysis relies heavily on the cognitive capabilities of the human analyst?
True or false: Effective intelligence analysis relies heavily on the cognitive capabilities of the human analyst?
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True or false: Critical thinking skills play a crucial role in intelligence analysis?
True or false: Critical thinking skills play a crucial role in intelligence analysis?
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True or false: The ultimate objective of intelligence analysis is to develop timely inferences that can be acted upon with confidence?
True or false: The ultimate objective of intelligence analysis is to develop timely inferences that can be acted upon with confidence?
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True or false: Fischer and Spiker developed a model that is specific enough to be empirically tested
True or false: Fischer and Spiker developed a model that is specific enough to be empirically tested
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True or false: The rational-choice model of decision making accurately predicts actual behavior
True or false: The rational-choice model of decision making accurately predicts actual behavior
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True or false: The heuristic theory proposes that all judgments are made intuitively
True or false: The heuristic theory proposes that all judgments are made intuitively
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True or false: The heuristic theory suggests that two cognitive systems, intuition and reasoning, are used to make judgments
True or false: The heuristic theory suggests that two cognitive systems, intuition and reasoning, are used to make judgments
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True or false: The ball costs 10 cents.
True or false: The ball costs 10 cents.
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True or false: System 2 reasoning is slow and effortful.
True or false: System 2 reasoning is slow and effortful.
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True or false: System 1 thinking is dependent on the quality and amount of experience an individual possesses.
True or false: System 1 thinking is dependent on the quality and amount of experience an individual possesses.
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True or false: System 2 reasoning can be utilized concurrently with other tasks.
True or false: System 2 reasoning can be utilized concurrently with other tasks.
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True or false: Critical thinking was first conceived in the early 1940s by two psychologists, Goodwin Watson and Edward Glaser.
True or false: Critical thinking was first conceived in the early 1940s by two psychologists, Goodwin Watson and Edward Glaser.
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True or false: The American Philosophical Association attempted to develop a consensus definition of critical thinking based on the responses of 46 experts.
True or false: The American Philosophical Association attempted to develop a consensus definition of critical thinking based on the responses of 46 experts.
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True or false: The concept of critical thinking can be adequately addressed by a simple verbal definition.
True or false: The concept of critical thinking can be adequately addressed by a simple verbal definition.
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True or false: Critical thinking has been extensively studied in its relationship to other psychological constructs such as intelligence, working memory, and reasoning.
True or false: Critical thinking has been extensively studied in its relationship to other psychological constructs such as intelligence, working memory, and reasoning.
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True or false: According to the model of critical thinking discussed in the text, negative affective consequences associated with critical thinking are the primary inhibitory sources for individuals to engage in it?
True or false: According to the model of critical thinking discussed in the text, negative affective consequences associated with critical thinking are the primary inhibitory sources for individuals to engage in it?
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True or false: System 1 judgments provide input to critical thinking skills.
True or false: System 1 judgments provide input to critical thinking skills.
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True or false: Engaging in critical thinking can result in mental fatigue, increased effort, increased anxiety, cognitive dissonance, and decreased self-esteem?
True or false: Engaging in critical thinking can result in mental fatigue, increased effort, increased anxiety, cognitive dissonance, and decreased self-esteem?
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True or false: Positive affect can be experienced as a result of a positive outcome that is a direct result of critical thinking?
True or false: Positive affect can be experienced as a result of a positive outcome that is a direct result of critical thinking?
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True or false: System 2 has the potential for controlling judgment, although it may not always utilize that potential.
True or false: System 2 has the potential for controlling judgment, although it may not always utilize that potential.
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True or false: Critical thinking skills are more powerful than System 1 when the problem space is novel or complex.
True or false: Critical thinking skills are more powerful than System 1 when the problem space is novel or complex.
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True or false: Critical thinking skills have the meta-cognitive capability to monitor the progress of their own processing.
True or false: Critical thinking skills have the meta-cognitive capability to monitor the progress of their own processing.
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True or false: Critical thinking is an end in itself.
True or false: Critical thinking is an end in itself.
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True or false: Predisposing factors strongly affect a person's use of critical thinking skills.
True or false: Predisposing factors strongly affect a person's use of critical thinking skills.
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True or false: Moderating variables influence whether one executes a particular critical thinking skill.
True or false: Moderating variables influence whether one executes a particular critical thinking skill.
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True or false: Both System 1 and System 2 are almost always used in conjunction to produce a solution in critical thinking.
True or false: Both System 1 and System 2 are almost always used in conjunction to produce a solution in critical thinking.
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True or false: System 1 always produces different judgments than System 2.
True or false: System 1 always produces different judgments than System 2.
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True or false: System 2 reasoning is slow and effortful.
True or false: System 2 reasoning is slow and effortful.
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True or false: System 2 reasoning can be utilized concurrently with other tasks.
True or false: System 2 reasoning can be utilized concurrently with other tasks.
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True or false: Positive affect can be experienced as a result of a positive outcome that is a direct result of critical thinking.
True or false: Positive affect can be experienced as a result of a positive outcome that is a direct result of critical thinking.
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True or false: Fischer and Spiker's model of critical thinking incorporates ideas from leading thinkers in philosophy and education?
True or false: Fischer and Spiker's model of critical thinking incorporates ideas from leading thinkers in philosophy and education?
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True or false: The rational-choice model of decision making accurately predicts actual behavior?
True or false: The rational-choice model of decision making accurately predicts actual behavior?
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True or false: The heuristic theory proposes that people use heuristics, as opposed to rational weighing of factors, to make judgments?
True or false: The heuristic theory proposes that people use heuristics, as opposed to rational weighing of factors, to make judgments?
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True or false: System 1 thinking is effortful, conscious, and deliberately controlled?
True or false: System 1 thinking is effortful, conscious, and deliberately controlled?
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True or false: Effective intelligence analysis consists of integrating collected information and then developing and testing hypotheses based on that information through successive iterations of additional data collection, evaluation, collation, integration, and inductive reasoning.
True or false: Effective intelligence analysis consists of integrating collected information and then developing and testing hypotheses based on that information through successive iterations of additional data collection, evaluation, collation, integration, and inductive reasoning.
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True or false: Intelligence analysis is highly dependent on the cognitive capabilities, specifically the critical thinking skills, of the human analyst.
True or false: Intelligence analysis is highly dependent on the cognitive capabilities, specifically the critical thinking skills, of the human analyst.
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True or false: The desired end products of intelligence analysis are inferences that specify the who, what, when, where, why, and how of the activity of interest and lead to appropriate actions.
True or false: The desired end products of intelligence analysis are inferences that specify the who, what, when, where, why, and how of the activity of interest and lead to appropriate actions.
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True or false: Training in and application of critical thinking can help overcome the cognitive challenges of intelligence analysis.
True or false: Training in and application of critical thinking can help overcome the cognitive challenges of intelligence analysis.
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True or false: Critical thinking skills have received extensive empirical study and have been found to be strongly correlated with other psychological constructs such as intelligence and reasoning?
True or false: Critical thinking skills have received extensive empirical study and have been found to be strongly correlated with other psychological constructs such as intelligence and reasoning?
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True or false: The American Philosophical Association was successful in developing a consensus definition of critical thinking based on the responses of 46 experts?
True or false: The American Philosophical Association was successful in developing a consensus definition of critical thinking based on the responses of 46 experts?
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True or false: The lack of empirical study of critical thinking has led to a unified view of the construct among theorists?
True or false: The lack of empirical study of critical thinking has led to a unified view of the construct among theorists?
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True or false: The concept of critical thinking can be adequately defined by a simple verbal definition?
True or false: The concept of critical thinking can be adequately defined by a simple verbal definition?
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True or false: System 1 is a conscious and controlled process that can be initiated or stopped?
True or false: System 1 is a conscious and controlled process that can be initiated or stopped?
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True or false: Critical thinking is more effective than System 1 when the problem space is limited?
True or false: Critical thinking is more effective than System 1 when the problem space is limited?
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True or false: Critical thinking skills have the meta-cognitive capability to monitor their own processing?
True or false: Critical thinking skills have the meta-cognitive capability to monitor their own processing?
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True or false: Critical thinking is always engaged when the motivation to think critically exceeds a threshold value?
True or false: Critical thinking is always engaged when the motivation to think critically exceeds a threshold value?
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True or false: Critical thinking is an end in itself?
True or false: Critical thinking is an end in itself?
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True or false: The application of critical thinking skills driven by System 2 always produces the best solution to a task?
True or false: The application of critical thinking skills driven by System 2 always produces the best solution to a task?
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True or false: Encouraging the exclusive use of critical thinking denies the power and effectiveness of System 1?
True or false: Encouraging the exclusive use of critical thinking denies the power and effectiveness of System 1?
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True or false: Both System 1 and System 2 are almost always used in conjunction to produce a solution in critical thinking?
True or false: Both System 1 and System 2 are almost always used in conjunction to produce a solution in critical thinking?
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True or false: Individuals are generally willing to engage in critical thinking.
True or false: Individuals are generally willing to engage in critical thinking.
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True or false: Negative affective consequences are the primary inhibitory sources for individuals to engage in critical thinking.
True or false: Negative affective consequences are the primary inhibitory sources for individuals to engage in critical thinking.
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True or false: Critical thinking requires less effort than System 1 processing.
True or false: Critical thinking requires less effort than System 1 processing.
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True or false: Critical thinking has been extensively studied in its relationship to other psychological constructs such as intelligence, working memory, and reasoning.
True or false: Critical thinking has been extensively studied in its relationship to other psychological constructs such as intelligence, working memory, and reasoning.
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True or false: The ball costs 10 cents because most people think so.
True or false: The ball costs 10 cents because most people think so.
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True or false: System 2 has the potential for controlling judgment in critical thinking.
True or false: System 2 has the potential for controlling judgment in critical thinking.
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Study Notes
Objectives and Characteristics of Intelligence Analysis
- The ultimate objective of intelligence analysis is to develop timely inferences that can be acted upon with confidence.
- Effective intelligence analysis depends on the cognitive capabilities of the human analyst.
- The desired end products of intelligence analysis are inferences that specify the who, what, when, where, why, and how of the activity of interest and lead to appropriate actions.
Cognitive Systems and Critical Thinking
- There are two cognitive systems: System 1 (quick, automatic, and relies on associations) and System 2 (slow, effortful, and consciously controlled).
- System 1 is an automatic and uncontrolled process that cannot be consciously initiated or stopped.
- System 2 has the potential for controlling judgment, although it may not always utilize that potential.
- Critical thinking is a process that involves the deliberate use of System 2 to overcome the limitations of System 1.
Heuristics and Decision Making
- The heuristic theory proposes that people use heuristics, as opposed to rational weighing of factors, to make judgments.
- The rational-choice model of decision making was dominant prior to the early 1970s, but researchers in the 1950s noticed that it did not accurately predict actual behavior.
- Fischer and Spiker's model of critical thinking incorporates ideas from leading thinkers in philosophy and education.
Critical Thinking and Intelligence Analysis
- Critical thinking skills play a crucial role in intelligence analysis.
- The role of critical thinking in understanding an intent statement is to provide a systematic and structured approach to identifying and analyzing the cues and indicators that suggest an adversary's intentions.
- Critical thinking skills can help overcome the cognitive challenges of intelligence analysis.
Factors Influencing Critical Thinking
- Predisposing factors, such as motivation and cognitive ability, influence the likelihood of a person using critical thinking skills.
- Moderating variables, such as context and task demands, influence whether one executes a particular critical thinking skill.
- The quality of a solution in critical thinking depends on the critical thinking skills used, the context, and the task demands.
Measurement and Assessment of Critical Thinking
- The Watson-Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal is a test of critical thinking skills.
- The American Philosophical Association attempted to develop a consensus definition of critical thinking based on the responses of 46 experts.
Challenges and Limitations of Critical Thinking
- One of the reasons why individuals are reluctant to engage in critical thinking is the potential negative affective consequences, such as mental fatigue, increased effort, increased anxiety, cognitive dissonance, and decreased self-esteem.
- Critical thinking requires more effort and motivation compared to System 1 processing.
- The lack of empirical study of critical thinking has led to a lack of understanding of its relationship to other psychological constructs.
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Description
Test your understanding of critical thinking and engagement of System 2 with this quiz. Explore the factors that make System 2 more likely to be engaged and how it relates to conflicting, uncertain, and complex information. Discover how critical thinking serves specific objectives and the required responses for different purposes.