Psychology Chapter on Behavior and Learning

Detailed recollection of traumatic or remarkable events often triggered by sensory stimuli or cues.

Adopting behaviors impulsively in response to environmental or social pressure, often triggered by emotions.

Associating events or objects with specific meanings. Can occur at a collective level (symbols representing groups) or individual level (personal superstitions).

A type of active learning that involves reinforcement and punishment to influence behavior.

Rewards that act as positive reinforcement, increasing the likelihood of a desired behavior.

Avoiding unpleasant stimuli by changing behavior. For example, taking painkillers to escape pain.

A process of gradually shaping a new behavior by reinforcing progressive approximations towards the desired outcome.

Adopting strict responses after exhausting all other options, often resulting in a drastic or harsh reaction.

The process of selecting and organizing sensory information, filtering out irrelevant or excessive data to focus on what's most important.

The cognitive function of storing and recalling information, influenced by individual mental processes and social factors.

A process that allows us to focus on specific information while ignoring others.

Focusing on one task while filtering out distractions.

The idea that unattended stimuli are completely blocked out and filtered early in the processing.

The idea that unattended stimuli are not entirely filtered out but weakened or left in the background.

The idea that attention is limited and varies depending on arousal levels and task difficulty.

The ability to process multiple sources of information simultaneously, like being able to drive and talk on the phone.

The degree to which individuals believe they have control over the outcomes of events in their lives.

Attributing behavior to internal causes (personality, effort) rather than external factors (luck, situation).

Whether a cause is consistent over time (stable) or subject to change (unstable).

Whether a cause can be controlled or regulated (effort, choice) or not (illness, weather).

A model that explains how we attribute behavior to a cause by considering how it changes across three factors (consensus, consistency, distinctiveness).

Frameworks used for interpreting behavior or events, especially in complex situations.

Attributing less weight to a cause when other factors could also explain the outcome.

Multiple causes working together to create an effect.

A measurement scale that uses numbers to represent degrees of agreement, typically ranging from 0 (negative) to 12 (positive).

A scale used to measure attitudes, opinions, and perceptions by asking respondents to rate their level of agreement on a continuum.

A hierarchical evaluation scale where respondents answer multiple versions of a question with slightly different wording, allowing for deeper insight into their opinions.

A measurement tool that assesses attitudes on opposing dimensions, such as important-unimportant or good-bad.

A scale that measures how close someone feels to others by asking about their willingness to interact with different social groups.

A quantitative measure that gauges customer loyalty by classifying them into three categories: Promoters, Passives, and Detractors.

A method that explores the reasons behind consumer choices and behavior through discussions in a controlled environment.

Structured conversations with individuals to get their in-depth perspectives and understand their experiences in detail.

The ability to recognize and understand our own emotions and those of others, and use this information to guide behavior, adapt to situations, and improve interpersonal relationships.

Emotional situations can spread like a virus, increasing positive emotions and reducing negative ones (and vice versa).

Advertising that aims to trigger emotional responses, such as nostalgia, humor, or fear, to create a connection with the product or brand.

Positive memories are more easily retrieved when we are in a positive mood, and vice versa.

Advertising that appeals to logic and reason, focusing on facts, features, and benefits of the product.

The ability to perceive, use, understand, and manage emotions effectively.

A combination of both emotions and cognitive processing.

Analyzing motivations that stem from the unconscious mind, influencing behavior without the person's conscious awareness.

A state of motivation that describes the relationship between a consumer and a specific product or category; it reflects their level of enthusiasm and interest in the product.

The risk a consumer perceives when making a purchase, influenced by the potential negative consequences of a bad choice, the likelihood of making an error, and the perceived value and emotional significance of the product.

The tendency to make unplanned, spontaneous purchases driven by immediate desire and emotional impulsiveness.

The act of prioritizing desires over needs, moving from functional and rational buying decisions towards emotional and symbolic experiences.

The consumer's mental struggle between immediate gratification and the potential long-term consequences of their purchase.

The tendency to minimize or ignore the potential consequences of an impulse purchase, leading to a focus on immediate gratification.

An approach to understanding human motivation that suggests people have five levels of needs, arranged in a hierarchy, with higher levels only becoming relevant after lower needs are met.

Criticism of Maslow's theory, suggesting that his hierarchy isn't universal and needs can vary depending on individual circumstances and cultural contexts.