Psychology Chapter on Behavior and Learning

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of flashback memories?

Recollection of traumatic or remarkable events (correct)

Detailed recollection of pleasant memories

Random outputs of thought processes

Forgetfulness of mundane activities

Which type of reinforcement involves avoiding unpleasant stimuli?

Secondary reinforcement

Negative reinforcement (correct)

Positive reinforcement

Primary reinforcement

What best describes shaping in behavior modification?

Immediate results without any gradual changes

Reinforcing only the final desired behavior

Randomly rewarding behaviors unrelated to the target behavior

Gradually creating a new behavior through successive approximations (correct)

What is an example of impulsive learning?

Choosing a fast food restaurant due to peer pressure (D) Signup and view all the answers

What does negative reinforcement NOT intend to do?

Introduce a pleasant stimulus (D) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of behaviors, what does 'counter-offensive learning' refer to?

Strict responses after exhausting all options (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which method can represent positive reinforcement?

Praise for completing tasks successfully (B) Signup and view all the answers

What can be a result of 'shaping anxious reactions'?

Development of anxiety due to unpredictability (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the locus of control concept?

Degree of control over life events (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT part of Weiner's model related to locus of control?

Emotional stability (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does the fundamental attribution error describe?

Attributing behavior to internal causes excessively (C) Signup and view all the answers

In the covariation model, which factor assesses if a person's behavior is similar in different situations?

Distinctiveness (A) Signup and view all the answers

What does a Multiple Necessary Cause Schema imply?

Certain causes must work together for an effect to occur (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which principle of attribution involves giving less importance to a cause when multiple factors could lead to an outcome?

Discounting (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of locus of control relates to whether a cause is stable or unstable over time?

Stability (D) Signup and view all the answers

How does Weiner's model enhance the understanding of locus of control?

By adding parameters of stability and controllability (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of perception in cognitive psychology?

To filter and focus on important sensory stimuli (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is selective attention primarily characterized by?

Concentrating on one task while ignoring distractions (A) Signup and view all the answers

What does Kahneman's capacity model suggest about attention?

Attention varies depending on arousal levels and task importance (C) Signup and view all the answers

How does memory function in cognitive psychology?

Through the combination of individual mental processes and sociocultural influences (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does Treisman's attenuation theory propose about unattended stimuli?

Unattended stimuli may be weakened but still processed (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of attention discussed in the content?

Divided attention (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which model describes that emotions result from physiological responses?

James-Lange theory (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of advertising on consumer perception according to cognitive psychology?

Only ads that are innovative or resonate personally can be attended to (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the Thurstone Scale?

To assess degrees of agreement categorically (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which scale requires respondents to evaluate slightly different versions of statements?

Gueman Scale (B) Signup and view all the answers

How many steps are there in the Likert Scale preparation process?

5 Steps (B) Signup and view all the answers

What measurement tool classifies customers into promoters, passives, and detractors?

Net Promoter Score (NPS) (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which scale is used to measure attitudes on opposing dimensions?

Osgood Scale (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does consumer behavior study primarily focus on?

How groups purchase and use products (D) Signup and view all the answers

What aspect does the Bogardus Scale specifically measure?

Willingness to interact with social groups (D) Signup and view all the answers

In consumer behavior analysis, when can measurement tools be utilized?

At any stage: pre, during, or post-purchase (A) Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes high involvement purchasing behavior?

A high degree of information search before purchasing (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the dimensions to measure involvement?

Time spent researching products (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary implication of impulse purchasing behavior?

Cognitive evaluation of the product is minimized (A) Signup and view all the answers

How does Maslow's pyramid of needs view human motivation?

It categorizes needs hierarchically across five levels (B) Signup and view all the answers

What transforms needs into desires according to the content provided?

The transition from functionality to emotional experience (D) Signup and view all the answers

What psychological state is commonly experienced during impulse buying?

Confusion between immediate and long-term satisfaction (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is typically true about low involvement products?

They are associated with minimal consumer decision-making effort (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a characteristic of consumers during impulsive buying moments?

They feel compelled to purchase despite long-term consequences (A) Signup and view all the answers

What type of advertisements generally appeals to emotions?

Emotionally-driven ads (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes emotional intelligence?

The capability to recognize and manage emotions (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which emotional state is most conducive to processing positive emotions and information?

Positive mood states (C) Signup and view all the answers

What kind of response can be measured using the emotional wheel in advertising?

Affective responses to the advertisement (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between cognition and emotion supported by research?

They can influence each other (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following emotional responses is often targeted in current marketing campaigns?

Emotions such as joy or nostalgia (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the purpose of psychoanalytic theories in terms of emotional behavior?

They analyze motivations stemming from unconscious factors. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What are the four abilities encompassed in the definition of emotional intelligence?

Perceiving, using, understanding, and managing emotions (A) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Learning Psychology

Learning is the association of stimuli to predict outcomes, actively or passively
Classical conditioning involves associating a neutral stimulus with a significant stimulus, eventually eliciting a conditioned response. Generalization is responding similarly to similar stimuli
Experimental neurosis is a state of confusion resulting from contradictory stimuli
Primary and secondary signalling systems have universal and learnt signals
Craving is a progressive effect of dependence on objects or habits
Sensation seeking is engaging in risky or extreme activities to experience joy, driven by adrenaline
Conditioned reactions can be erased through counter-conditioning or re-emerge, known as reappearance
Attitudes are learned through experiences and are resistant to change
Flashback memories occur as detailed recollections of traumatic events
Impulse learning is adapting behaviors based on situational and social pressures
Meaning conditioning associates events with specific meanings (symbols). Examples are cultural symbols like the Eiffel Tower.

Skinner: Active Conditioning

Active conditioning differs from inactive Pavlovian conditioning as it involves reinforcement and punishment
Reinforcements can be primary (praise), activating (reward), or informative (medal).
They can also be secondary (success).
Reinforcements can be fixed interval (regular pay), constant ratio (performance based), or varying (uncertain timing)
Shaping is gradually creating a new behavior by reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behavior.
Counter-offensive learning is employing strict responses when all other options fail
Punishment aims to reduce unwanted behavior through negative consequences. They can be direct (fines) or indirect (loss of benefits)

Watson: Observation and Modeling

Behaviors are shaped by observing others, especially role models.
Inhibition and releasing behaviors can be present.
Behavior can either be encouraged or restricted by social norms.
Self-efficacy is believing in one's ability to succeed.
Emotional triggers influence behavior through emotional arousal.

Cognitive Psychology:

Attention is a sensory and cognitive process allowing focus on specific information while ignoring others. (selective attention and divided attention)
Models like Treisman's attenuation theory for filtering unattented stimuli and the cocktail party effect as a real life example.
The concept of memory processes that help understand how we retain, organize, and retrieve information

Memory

Encoding, storage and retrieval are crucial steps for retaining and recalling information.
Sensory memory is briefly storing information. Short-term memory has limited capacity, while long-term memory stores information indefinitely. Explicit memory and implicit memory (declarative and non-declarative)
Context, motivation, and mood influence memory
Memory loss can result from various factors, causing anterograde or retrograde amnesia, depending on the type.

Social psychology explores the relationship between psychological processes and social context.
Attitudes are predispositions to respond in particular ways to social situations. Values are underlying beliefs or convictions, while beliefs are assumptions or convictions based on experience that shape perceptions.
Attitudes, values and beliefs influence each other and shape behaviors.
Social judgments and reinforcements can influence behavior
Evolution and current interpretations can help understand the social aspects of the human species (theory: competition and cooperation)
There are many aspects, including conformity, persuasion, prejudice, discrimination, stereotypes, relationships, conflict.

Personality

Personality is a sense of self which comprises individual's self-perception and social roles.
Identity is defined through personal experiences or socially imposed.
Development of identity is influenced by cognitive development, including Piaget's stages (sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational).
Social identity theory proposes that people belong to groups to boost personal esteem.
There are different schools of thought that aim to understand personality, like trait theories, psychodynamic theories, and cognitive theories.
Cattell, Eysenck, and Allport's theories are examples of describing aspects of personality with various dimensions. Maslow's theory focused on basic needs as a pathway to self-actualization
Psychodynamic theories, like Freud's, examine the unconscious mind's role in behavior.

Consumer behavior

Consumers' purchase decisions are influenced by techniques such as reciprocity, commitment and consistency, social proof, authority, liking, scarcity to make consumers more prone to purchasing.
Emotional appeals & social influence are critical parts of marketing.

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Description

Test your knowledge with this quiz focusing on key concepts in psychology related to behavior modification, reinforcement, and attribution theory. Dive into terms like locus of control, shaping, and impulsive learning to assess your understanding of these fundamental principles.