Psychology Chapter on Attachment and Personality

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary characteristic of secure attachment according to attachment theory?

Reliance on peers for support

Avoidance of emotional closeness

Preference for solitude

Strong affectional ties with a caregiver (correct)

During which phase of attachment formation do infants show a preference for familiar caregivers?

True Attachment

Undiscriminating Social Responsiveness

Discriminating Social Responsiveness (correct)

Goal corrected partnerships

What percentage of children is typically classified as having insecure avoidant attachment?

15% (correct)

60-65%

10%

20%

What concept is associated with Bowlby's attachment theory and refers to the evolutionary survival function of forming attachments?

Secure Base (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of attachment may lead to less adaptability in relationships during adulthood?

Disorganized-Disoriented attachment (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of psychopathy?

Low empathy and callousness (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which personality assessment tool focuses on interpreting ambiguous stimuli?

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) (B) Signup and view all the answers

Individuals with narcissistic personality disorder are likely to exhibit which of the following traits?

Crave attention but provide little support (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common trait of individuals with avoidant personality disorder?

Fear of criticism and need for acceptance (B) Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes obsessive-compulsive personality disorder from obsessive-compulsive disorder?

Individuals with OCPD feel justified in their actions (B) Signup and view all the answers

What might be a possible overlap within Cluster B personality disorders?

Borderline and narcissistic disorders may lead to idealization and devaluation of others (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a characteristic of individuals with dependent personality disorder?

Low self-esteem and passivity (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining feature of histrionic personality disorder?

Craving for attention and dramatic expressions (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concept behind pluralistic ignorance?

The presence of others leading to inaction. (A) Signup and view all the answers

During an emergency situation, what is the first step in the Decision Model of Helping?

Recognize an event/problem. (D) Signup and view all the answers

In the Latane & Darley (1968) experiment, what was the percentage of participants who reported smoke when alone?

15% (B) Signup and view all the answers

What did the supervised condition demonstrate regarding the perception of a fight?

A high percentage believed it was real. (B) Signup and view all the answers

In deciding whether to help in ambiguous situations, what do participants often rely on?

Others' evaluations and responses. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant finding of the experiment regarding pairs of friends versus strangers in helping behavior?

Friends were more likely to help than strangers. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What psychological costs might deter individuals from intervening during an emergency?

Concerns about social embarrassment. (C) Signup and view all the answers

According to the Decision Model of Helping, what can cause failure to intervene at any step?

Diffusion of responsibility or pluralistic ignorance. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is an effect of low self-esteem?

Aggression (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which component of self-concept refers to how we perceive ourselves?

Self-image (D) Signup and view all the answers

What did Sherif's autokinetic effect experiment demonstrate about conformity?

Conformity can occur in ambiguous situations. (A) Signup and view all the answers

According to Asch's line experiment, what percentage of participants conformed at least once?

75% (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which theory explains that we evaluate ourselves based on comparisons with others?

Social comparison theory (B) Signup and view all the answers

What do normative influence and informational influence have in common?

Both are types of social conformity. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the concept of self-discrepancy theory?

The gap between one's actual self and ideal or ought self. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What factor primarily affects conformity according to the research discussed?

The number of people in the majority group (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the 'ideal self' in Higgins' regulatory focus theory?

To promote aspirational and achievement-oriented goals. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects the consequences of the bystander effect?

Presence of others reduces the feeling of personal responsibility. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a limitation of the psychoanalytic approach?

Difficult to scientifically test and verify. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Eysenck's general arousal theory?

Differences in brain function related to personality. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the 'categorical self' in understanding self-concept?

It represents shared qualities such as age and gender. (A) Signup and view all the answers

According to the Big Five personality model, which trait is related to sociability and emotional expression?

Extroversion (A) Signup and view all the answers

What does internal consistency refer to in the context of reliability?

The correlation of all test components with one another. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of validity ensures that a test measures what it intends to measure?

Content validity (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common issue faced with self-report measures in personality assessments?

They can suffer from response bias. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of aggression is characterized by behaviors aimed at damaging someone's self-esteem during teenage years?

Relational aggression (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a personality measure where participants respond to ambiguous stimuli?

Projective tests (A) Signup and view all the answers

How does the test-retest method assess stability in testing?

By comparing results from the same subject over time. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What type of aggression typically includes aggressive verbal behaviors, such as name-calling and bullying?

Hostile aggression (A) Signup and view all the answers

What does predictive validity refer to in personality testing?

The ability of a test to foresee behaviors or outcomes in the future. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of item analysis in the development of personality tests?

Checking internal consistency and factor analysis. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which form of aggression is characterized by goal-oriented aggressive behaviors common in young children?

Instrumental aggression (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the halo effect in the context of interviews?

An impression formed by the first meeting affecting subsequent judgments. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT considered a biological contributor to aggression?

Poor parenting (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which is a disadvantage of using structured interviews for personality assessment?

Limiting the discovery of deeper psychological issues. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of personality inventory typically measures multiple traits within one test?

Omnibus tests (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which factor was noted to potentially increase conformity among individuals?

Presence of well-respected figures (D) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of social influence, what is one effect of popularity on teenagers' behavior?

Increased valuation of music based on peer opinions (A) Signup and view all the answers

What was the main finding in Selmrod & Allcott's 2011 study regarding energy consumption?

Making people aware of their neighbors' energy use led to reduced energy consumption (A) Signup and view all the answers

What best defines obedience in a psychological context?

An individual's compliance to authority figures' commands (A) Signup and view all the answers

What was demonstrated in Milgram's 1963 experiment?

65% of participants delivered maximum shocks despite their discomfort (A) Signup and view all the answers

In the Burger (2006) partial replication of Milgram's study, what unique condition was included?

Empathic refusal condition (D) Signup and view all the answers

What was a key finding from Beauvois, Courbet, and Oberte's (2012) replication of Milgram's study as a TV Game Show?

Obedience significantly decreased when the host left the stage (B) Signup and view all the answers

How did the presence of social support influence the results in the TV Game Show condition?

Participants felt encouraged to disobey the host (C) Signup and view all the answers

What conclusion can be drawn regarding individual behavior in social contexts?

People change behavior to fit social norms and expectations (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common reaction when individuals feel empathy towards others in obedience scenarios?

They require more encouragement to comply while showing reluctance (B) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

The Self: Central Themes

Self-concept: Understanding who we are
Self-esteem: Valuation of ourselves
Key thinkers: William James, Carl Rogers
Modern psychological views
Psychological theories: Social comparison, self-discrepancy theories

What is the Self?

The self is an essential concept in: Philosophy, Theology, Psychology, Neuroscience, Evolutionary Psychology
Philosophy: Reflects on existence and identity
Theology: Intersects with ideas of the soul
Psychology: Examines behavior & thought origins
Neuroscience: Investigates brain mechanisms that create self-concept
Evolutionary psychology: Considers development of self-awareness

Perspectives on the Self

The self is central to people's experience of themselves (thinking, feeling, regulating actions)
Dependent on reflexive thinking: Awareness of one's mental state
Philosophical and Psychological Questions: What makes us distinct individuals? How do we form thoughts about ourselves?

Self-Concept

Defining the Self
How we positively or negatively feel about ourselves (Holt et al., 2019)
High self-esteem linked to positive outcomes (greater happiness, more success in relationships, higher achievement consistency)
Low self-esteem associated with bullying, aggression, poorer performance

Key Thinkers on the Self

William James (1890): Material self (body, possessions, family, external symbols), Social self (how others see us), Spiritual self (personalities and core values)
Carl Rogers (1959): Self-image (how you see yourself), Self-esteem (how positively or negatively you feel), Ideal self (aspirational version of yourself)

Key Areas in Development of the Self

Infancy
Childhood
Adolescence
Adulthood

Infancy - Self-Awareness

Temperament (Thomas & Chess, 1986, 1999): Easy, Difficult, Slow to Warm
Kagan's Work (1994): Inhibited, Uninhibited
Rouge Test (Lewis & Brooks-Gunn, 1979): Identifying self-awareness in children (and animals in some cases)
Contributors to Self-Awareness: Cognitive development, Social experience, Attachment to parents, Social feedback

Childhood Developments - Early Years

Preschool: Concrete descriptions (physical attributes, possessions)
Developments by 8: More abstract self-description, Incorporating personality traits, Forming social identities, Use of social comparison for self-evaluation
Adolescence: Focus on psychological & abstract traits. Heightened self-awareness, Combine self-perceptions into a cohesive self-portrait
Identity Formation Theory (Marcia, 1966): Identity development can take time or be redone multiple times, Develop at varying rates across different aspects, Proceed out of the expected order

Adulthood

Influencing factors: Age, Culture, Stability vs. Change, Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development(infancy, adolescence, adulthood)

Seminar Participation

Discussion Questions: Who or what influences your identity?
- Is your identity fully defined by these factors?
- Explore alternative dimensions beyond group identity?
Social Identity Theory (Tajfel & Turner, 1979)
Regulatory Focus Theory (Higgins, 1997) Focus on modern context of the digital self.
- How does your digital self fit your concept of self?
- Do these online identities vary depending on social media platforms?
- Reflect on differences between platforms.

Identity Formation Theory (Marcia, 1966)

Is your identity fully formed? If yes, what makes you so believe? if no, in which stage do you think you are in?

Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development (1950)

Reflection & Activity

Reflection exercise: Do any theories resonate with your sense of self? Which theories feel most applicable, and why?

Human Individuality: Different Levels of Similarity

Like all others: Basic human characteristics (sleep, emotions)
Like some others: Similar traits or preferences (shared groups, backgrounds)
Like no other: Unique personal qualities & experiences

Studying That Suits You

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Description

Test your knowledge on attachment theory and personality disorders with this quiz. It covers key concepts, characteristics, and distinctions among various attachment styles and personality disorders. Challenge yourself with questions based on known psychological theories and assessments.