Psychology Chapter on Attachment and Personality

The idea that seeing others inactive or unconcerned can discourage us from taking action, even when we might otherwise be inclined to help.

A model that outlines the steps involved in deciding whether to help someone in need, emphasizing the role of individual responsibility and intervention.

The tendency for individuals to be less likely to offer help when other witnesses are present, as they assume others are also responsible for acting.

The first stage in the Decision Model of Helping, where individuals recognize an event or problem as potentially needing intervention.

The second stage in the Decision Model of Helping, where individuals determine whether the situation is an emergency requiring their intervention.

The third stage in the Decision Model of Helping where individuals decide whether they have the responsibility to provide assistance in the situation.

The fourth stage in the Decision Model of Helping where individuals decide how to intervene and offer appropriate assistance or support.

The final stage in the Decision Model of Helping where individuals put their plan into action and provide the appropriate assistance.

The tendency for individuals' perceptions and valuations of stimuli to be influenced by the opinions and behaviors of others.

The influence of social groups on individuals' decisions and actions, leading to conformity with group norms or expectations.

The act of complying with a direct command from an authority figure, often accompanied by a reluctance to engage in the behavior voluntarily.

The Milgram experiment demonstrated the powerful influence of authority figures on individuals' behavior, even when the commands conflict with personal conscience.

The tendency for individuals to conform to social norms and pressures, even when challenged by personal beliefs or conscience.

Milgram's obedience experiment was replicated in a TV Game Show setting, exploring whether participants would obey the host's instructions even in front of a live audience.

The process of progressively increasing demands, starting with small requests and gradually escalating to more significant ones. This method can be used to elicit compliance and obedience.

The tendency for individuals to defer to experts or authority figures in unfamiliar settings, reducing their personal responsibility for potential consequences.

Individuals' reluctance to obey instructions increases when they feel empathy for the person receiving the command, indicating a conflict between obedience and personal values.

Individuals with a high desire for control are more likely to challenge authority and resist commands, especially in situations where they feel they have no say.

A strong emotional bond between a child and a primary caregiver, characterized by seeking proximity, emotional regulation, and a sense of security.

A research method used to assess attachment styles in infants, involving a series of separations and reunions with the primary caregiver.

A type of attachment where infants feel secure and confident in their caregiver's availability and responsiveness.

A type of attachment characterized by the infant's avoidance of the caregiver, showing little distress upon separation and limited engagement upon reunion.

A type of attachment where infants display anxious and ambivalent behavior towards the caregiver, showing distress during separation and mixed reactions upon reunion.

A personality trait characterized by a lack of empathy, callousness, and a disregard for social norms.

A personality trait characterized by a strong sense of self-importance, a need for admiration, and a lack of empathy for others.

A personality trait characterized by manipulative behavior, a focus on self-interest, and a tendency to deceive others.

A personality disorder characterized by intense emotions, impulsivity, and a fear of abandonment.

A personality disorder characterized by excessive emotionality, a need for attention, and dramatic behavior.

A personality disorder characterized by a strong need to be taken care of, difficulty making decisions, and a fear of being alone.

A personality disorder characterized by extreme shyness, social anxiety, and a fear of rejection.

A personality disorder characterized by perfectionism, rigidity, and a preoccupation with order and control.

The degree to which a test consistently produces the same results over time or across different administrations.

A measure of how well test items correlate with each other, indicating that the test measures a single, underlying construct.

Examines whether a test gives similar results when administered by different people, ensuring that the test is not biased by the administrator.

Assesses whether the test produces similar results when administered on different occasions, ensuring the test is stable over time.

The degree to which a test actually measures what it is intended to measure - does it accurately reflect the construct of interest?

Focuses on whether the content of the test is relevant and appropriate for the construct being measured.

Examines whether the test measures a construct that is actually related to other relevant variables.

Assesses the relationship between the test and other measures that are expected to be related to the construct.

Determines whether the test can distinguish between different constructs, ensuring that it is not measuring unintended variables.

Evaluates the relationship between the test and other measures that are taken at the same time, indicating the test's ability to reflect contemporary state.

Assesses whether the test is able to predict future outcomes or behaviors that are related to the measured construct.

A type of personality assessment that relies on self-reported information, often in the form of questionnaires.

Personality tests that involve ambiguous stimuli, where individuals project their underlying thoughts and feelings into their responses.

Tests that measure unconscious biases and attitudes, often based on the speed and accuracy of responses.

A type of aggression that is goal-oriented and aimed at achieving a specific outcome or reward.

A type of aggression that is driven by anger, hostility, and a desire to harm or inflict pain on another person.

A person's overall evaluation of themselves, including their feelings of worth and value.

A set of beliefs and perceptions about oneself, including one's traits, qualities, and roles.

The sense of being distinct and separate from others, a consistent and enduring self.

Understanding ourselves by comparing our abilities, opinions, and experiences to those of others.

A belief about the cause or reason for behavior, often made to explain why someone acted in a particular way.

The tendency to overestimate the role of dispositional factors (personality traits) and underestimate the influence of situational factors when explaining others' behavior.

The first stage of the Decision Model of Helping, where individuals recognize an event or problem as needing intervention.

The theory that personality is shaped by a combination of genetic and environmental influences.

The idea that personality traits are clustered together in groups, leading to fewer, more general categories of personality.