Psychology Chapter on Anxiety and Adjustment Disorders
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Questions and Answers

What is the maximum duration of symptoms for adjustment disorder, post-stressor termination?

  • 3 months
  • 12 months
  • Indefinite, until the stressor is resolved
  • 6 months (correct)

Which of the following is the most accurate description of 'reexperiencing' in PTSD?

  • Experiencing flashbacks, intrusive images, or nightmares related to the trauma (correct)
  • Experiencing a gradual detachment from memories of the trauma
  • Talking about the traumatic event in a clinical setting, lacking emotion.
  • Intentionally reflecting on the traumatic event to process emotions

A patient is diagnosed with GAD. Which duration of anxiety symptoms is the diagnostic criteria?

  • At least 3 months
  • At least 1 month
  • At least 12 months
  • At least 6 month (correct)

Which statement differentiates pathological anxiety from normal anxiety?

<p>Pathological anxiety is excessive, distressing, and interferes with psychosocial functions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient experiencing panic attacks would likely have which physical symptoms?

<p>Gastrointestinal distress, such as nausea or diarrhea (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinction between panic attacks and panic disorder?

<p>Panic attacks are isolated incidents, while panic disorder involves recurrent attacks and fear of future attacks. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When diagnosing a phobic disorder, what criteria must be met?

<p>The fear must be present for at least 6 months. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the symptoms of agoraphobia?

<p>Fear or anxiety triggered by exposure to a wide range of situations, fearing something terrible might happen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes a key component of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?

<p>Compulsions temporarily relieve anxiety caused by obsessions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the criteria to separate OCD from normal fear?

<p>Distress or impairment to daily life (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Someone with MDD could also experience?

<p>Paranoia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are timing and duration important for treating depressive disorders?

<p>To differentiate mood disorders from adjustment disorder. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is approved for treating PTSD?

<p>SSRI (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment method has been listed as first-line treatment for anxiety disorders?

<p>Cognitive behavioral therapy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, what is the average age of onset for OCD?

<p>Average onset is 19.5 years (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes a symptom of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)?

<p>Loss of interest or pleasure in activities is essential for diagnosis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes Dysthymia or Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD)?

<p>Chronic disturbance with symptoms for most of the day for at least two years. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT considered a risk factor for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)?

<p>Previous history of allergies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of treatment for a patient with a mild depressive disorder?

<p>Psychotherapy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable complication associated with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)?

<p>Suicide risk (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD), which symptom is essential?

<p>Mood lability during the menstrual cycle. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following treatments is considered third line for depressive disorders?

<p>MAO inhibitors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic distinguishes Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) from other treatments for depression?

<p>It is recommended for severe depression or when medications are ineffective. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scale is NOT typically used to assess depressive disorders?

<p>Beck Depression Inventory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be monitored every two weeks during medication titration for depressive disorders?

<p>Side effects and suicidal ideation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions must be ruled out before diagnosing Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)?

<p>Thyroid disorder (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason suicide is considered a significant complication of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)?

<p>Rates are increasing among individuals aged 15-35. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A clinician is using the Hamilton scale, Montgomery-Asberg scale, and QIDS-SR 16. What condition are they assessing for?

<p>Major Depressive Disorder (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is essential for diagnosing Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) according to DSM criteria?

<p>Depressed mood or loss of interest/pleasure in activities for at least 2 weeks (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following distinguishes Dysthymia (Persistent Depressive Disorder) from Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)?

<p>A chronic course lasting at least 2 years (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) symptoms?

<p>Symptoms occur repeatedly during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When is hospitalization most appropriate for a patient with depression?

<p>When there is a substantial risk of suicide. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason SSRIs and SNRIs are often preferred as first-line medications for depression?

<p>They generally have fewer side effects and a larger safety profile. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial monitoring parameter during medication titration for depressive disorders?

<p>Suicidal ideation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what situation is Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) typically considered as a treatment option for depression?

<p>When medications are contraindicated or ineffective, or in cases of severe suicidality. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the critical timeframe for the onset of symptoms following a stressor in adjustment disorder?

<p>Symptoms must appear within 3 months of the stressor and resolve within 6 months of the stressor terminating. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In PTSD, what distinguishes a traumatic event that is more likely to have long-term effects?

<p>Events that are interpersonal and intentional. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient presents with persistent anxiety and worry about various routine life circumstances for over six months. What additional factor is MOST crucial in diagnosing Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)?

<p>The anxiety is out of proportion to the actual likelihood or impact of the feared events. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient undergoing treatment for panic disorder is prescribed both an SSRI and a benzodiazepine. What is the MOST appropriate strategy?

<p>Start with both medications and wean off the benzodiazepine under supervision. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the MOST critical factor in differentiating a specific phobia from normal fear?

<p>The individual recognizes the fear as unreasonable but cannot control it. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition must be met to diagnose agoraphobia?

<p>Anxiety in at least 2 out of 5 specific situations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the requirement, outlined in Criterion B, for a diagnosis of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder?

<p>The obsessions and/or compulsions must take up more than one hour a day, or cause clinically significant distress or impairment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to separate OCD from normal fear?

<p>To ensure correct treatments are being provided. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the acute phase of adjustment disorder, which pharmacological intervention should be administered with caution and for a limited time?

<p>Sedatives like lorazepam (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor most significantly differentiates adjustment disorder from major depressive disorder (MDD)?

<p>The presence of an identifiable stressor. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient with PTSD is also abusing alcohol. What is the MOST appropriate initial treatment strategy?

<p>Address the substance abuse concurrently with psychotherapy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which psychotherapeutic approach focuses on examining the thoughts associated with fear and using behavioral techniques for exposure?

<p>Cognitive behavioral therapy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between MDD with atypical features and melancholic major depression?

<p>Atypical depression improves with positive events, whereas melancholic depression does not. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus when distinguishing types of depressive disorders?

<p>Timing and duration of symptoms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which therapeutic method is often combined with exposure and response prevention in the treatment of OCD?

<p>Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the time course of symptoms in adjustment disorder following the cessation of the identified stressor?

<p>Symptoms typically resolve within 6 months. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the most critical differentiating factor between adjustment disorder and PTSD?

<p>The presence of intrusive thoughts and avoidance behaviors related to the event. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient is diagnosed with adjustment disorder following a divorce. Which of the following interventions should be prioritized FIRST?

<p>Cognitive behavioral therapy focusing on coping mechanisms. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is primarily associated with PTSD but not typically with adjustment disorder?

<p>Increased startle response (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) in the treatment of PTSD?

<p>To help individuals reframe the traumatic event and learn coping mechanisms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of PTSD treatment, when might electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) be considered?

<p>When symptoms are severe and unresponsive to other treatments. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of medications is often prescribed alongside psychotherapy to manage symptoms of anxiety, depression, and sleep disturbance in PTSD patients?

<p>SSRIs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the primary differentiating factor between normal bereavement and major depressive disorder (MDD)?

<p>Bereavement is directly linked to a loss and diminishes over time, while MDD is a more persistent state not directly linked to specific thoughts. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An individual with Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) experiencing excessive worry must exhibit symptoms for at least how long to meet diagnostic criteria?

<p>Six months (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the most accurate description of a panic attack as it relates to the diagnosis of panic disorder?

<p>An abrupt surge of intense fear or discomfort that peaks within minutes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a core feature that distinguishes a phobia from a normal fear?

<p>The fear is significantly out of proportion to the actual risk posed by the object or situation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the situations that induce fear or anxiety in agoraphobia?

<p>The situations are feared because escape might be difficult or help unavailable, if panic-like symptoms occurred. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following treatment approaches is generally considered first-line for both Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) and Agoraphobia?

<p>Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the treatment of panic disorder, why are benzodiazepines typically prescribed only for short-term use?

<p>They can lead to dependence and may worsen anxiety over time. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For someone with a specific phobia undergoing cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), what is the primary goal in challenging unhelpful thought patterns?

<p>To identify and change thoughts that contribute to fear and avoidance. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In agoraphobia, what is the purpose of exposure therapy within cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)?

<p>To gradually expose the individual to feared situations to reduce anxiety. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of medications is commonly used in the treatment of GAD, Panic Disorder, and Phobias to help manage anxiety symptoms?

<p>SSRIs and SNRIs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If bereavement extends beyond twelve months and grief becomes debilitating, what intervention is most appropriate?

<p>Professional intervention and support to cope and heal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the worries associated with Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) from normal, everyday worries?

<p>GAD worries cause significant distress or impairment in functioning, and are difficult to control. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key element differentiates panic disorder from simply experiencing occasional panic attacks?

<p>Panic disorder requires a persistent fear of future attacks or significant behavioral changes to avoid situations where attacks may occur. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical component in diagnosing agoraphobia, beyond just experiencing anxiety in specific situations?

<p>The fear or anxiety must be provoked almost every time the individual is in the situation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Besides therapy and medication, what lifestyle change might be recommended to patients with Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)?

<p>Maintaining a balanced diet and regular exercise. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Agoraphobia, a chronic condition, often requires which treatment approach for effective management?

<p>Long-term management with medications like SSRIs or SNRIs and/or therapy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic that differentiates obsessions from compulsions in OCD?

<p>Obsessions are intrusive thoughts causing distress, while compulsions are behaviors aimed at reducing that distress. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key feature defines Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) according to the provided diagnostic time-frame?

<p>A period of at least two weeks with depressed mood or loss of interest/pleasure. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a criterion for diagnosing dysthymia (persistent depressive disorder)?

<p>Depressed mood for most of the day, for more days than not, for at least 2 years. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of treating Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), what role do SSRIs, SNRIs, bupropion and trazadone play?

<p>They are first line medications aimed at directly correcting mood imbalances. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to consider other potential diagnoses when assessing dysthymia?

<p>To ensure the symptoms are not better explained by disorders on the schizophrenia spectrum. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of assessing 'recurrent thoughts of death' in individuals with MDD?

<p>It signifies an increased risk of suicidal ideation or attempts, necessitating immediate intervention. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes dysthymia from MDD in terms of symptom severity and duration?

<p>Dysthymia has less severe yet more persistent symptoms than MDD. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) in managing Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)?

<p>CBT is used to challenge the obsessive thoughts and reduce the need to perform compulsive behaviors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the criteria for diagnosing dysthymia address potential symptom-free intervals?

<p>An individual can be without symptoms for no more than 2 months at a time. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In treating Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), what is the primary reason for combining psychotherapy alongside medication?

<p>To enable individuals to challenge negative thought patterns and develop skills. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is a key criterion that distinguishes dysthymia from a major depressive episode?

<p>The acuteness and severity of symptoms. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An individual feels driven to repeatedly check if the door is locked and is convinced that terrible things will happen if they fail to. How would the compulsion be defined?

<p>A behavior that reduces anxiety or distress. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Besides depressed mood, what other criteria must be met to diagnose Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)?

<p>The symptoms must not be attributable to a condition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of CBT in the treatment of MDD?

<p>To identify and challenge negative thoughts. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic that differentiates Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) from standard premenstrual syndrome (PMS)?

<p>PMDD causes significant distress and impairment in daily life. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications is most commonly used for managing symptoms of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)?

<p>SSRIs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What diagnostic criteria must be met for PMDD to be established?

<p>Five or more symptoms in the week before menses that lessen shortly after. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following lifestyle modifications can help manage symptoms of PMDD?

<p>Regular exercise (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) play in the treatment of PMDD?

<p>It helps individuals develop coping strategies for emotions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential complication associated with untreated Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)?

<p>Increased risk of depression and suicidal ideation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects the symptom pattern of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)?

<p>Symptoms are absent in the week following menstruation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the treatment of dysthymia typically differ from that of PMDD?

<p>Dysthymia treatment often involves ongoing therapy, medication, and lifestyle changes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Diagnosis Criteria for MDD

Depressed mood or loss of interest for 2 weeks + 4 additional symptoms.

Complications of MDD

Suicide is the most significant risk, especially ages 15-35.

Hamilton Scale

A tool for assessing severity of depression.

Dysthymia/Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD)

Chronically depressed mood for at least 2 years.

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PMDD Symptoms

Mood lability, irritability, dysphoria during pre-menstrual phase.

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MDD Risk Factors

Adverse childhood experiences, genetics, other disorders contribute to risk.

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Treatment for Mild Depression

Psychotherapy is recommended for mild cases.

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Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

Used for severe depression when medications aren't effective.

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Treatment Medications for Depression

SSRIs, SNRIs, bupropion are common antidepressants.

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Increased Suicidality Risk

Patients on antidepressants need close monitoring for suicide risk.

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Adjustment Disorder

Emotional or behavioral symptoms in response to a stressor, developing within 3 months and resolving within 6.

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Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Reexperiencing a traumatic event with avoidance of reminders, lasting more than one month post-trauma.

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Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

Excessive anxiety about various events occurring more days than not for at least 6 months.

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Panic Disorder

Recurrent, unexpected panic attacks paired with a fear of future attacks, impacting daily life.

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Phobic Disorder

Intense fear related to a specific object or situation, leading to avoidance behavior.

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Agoraphobia

Anxiety triggered by being in situations where escape might be difficult, often leading to avoidance.

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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

Characterized by intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors (compulsions) aimed at reducing anxiety.

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Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

Characterized by persistently low mood, anhedonia, and lack of interest in activities for at least 2 weeks.

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Dysthymia

Chronic low mood lasting for at least 2 years, which may not meet criteria for major depression.

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Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder

Severe emotional and physical symptoms occurring before menstruation, affecting daily function.

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Complex PTSD Symptoms

Long-term effects of trauma like emotional difficulties, negative self-conception, and difficulty relating to others.

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Treatment for GAD

Includes SSRIs, SNRIs, relaxation techniques, and cognitive-behavioral therapy.

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Phobia Treatment

Utilizes SSRIs, SNRIs, and cognitive-behavioral therapy to address irrational fears.

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Compulsions in OCD

Repetitive behaviors or mental acts performed to reduce anxiety related to obsessions.

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Major Depression Duration

Depressed mood or loss of interest for at least 2 weeks.

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Distress Criterion

Symptoms must cause significant distress or impair functioning.

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Dysthymia Duration

Depressed mood for most of the day, for more days than not, for at least 2 years.

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Risk Factors for Depression

Includes adverse childhood experiences, genetics, and other disorders.

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PMDD Timing

Symptoms occur during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle.

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High-Risk Suicide

If thoughts about suicide exceed one hour a day, risk is high.

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Hamilton Scale Purpose

A tool used for assessing the severity of depression.

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Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) Use

Used for severe depression when medications aren't effective or contraindicated.

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SSRIs in Treatment

Commonly prescribed antidepressants known for being well-tolerated.

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Psychotherapy for Mild Depression

Recommended treatment approach for mild depressive symptoms.

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Adjustment Disorder Symptoms

Emotional or behavioral symptoms in reaction to a stressor, occurring within 3 months.

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Adjustment Disorder Duration

Symptoms resolve within 6 months after the stressor ends.

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Treatment for Adjustment Disorder

Includes therapy, mindfulness exercises, and possibly SSRIs for severe cases.

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Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Symptoms

Reexperience of trauma through flashbacks, nightmares, and avoidance of reminders.

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PTSD Duration for Diagnosis

Symptoms must persist for at least one month after the trauma.

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GAD Characteristics

Persistent anxiety and worry about various events, occurring more days than not for 6 months.

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Panic Disorder Definition

Characterized by recurrent panic attacks and fear of future attacks.

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Panic Attack Symptoms

Include rapid heart rate, shortness of breath, and intense fear.

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Phobic Disorder Characteristics

Intense, irrational fear of a specific object or situation causing avoidance.

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Agoraphobia Definition

Fear of situations where escape might be difficult, leading to avoidance.

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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Components

Involves obsessions (intrusive thoughts) and compulsions (ritualistic behaviors).

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OCD Diagnosis Criteria

Obsessions or compulsions must take up at least one hour a day or cause impairment.

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Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) Symptoms

Characterized by anhedonia, feelings of worthlessness, and cognitive dysfunction.

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MDD Treatment Options

Common treatments include SSRIs, SNRIs, and psychotherapy.

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Adjustment Disorder Resolution

Symptoms typically resolve within 6 months after the stressor ends.

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PTSD Characteristics

Involves intrusive thoughts and avoidance behaviors related to trauma.

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Diagnosis of Adjustment Disorder

Established when symptoms are disproportionate to the stressor and not due to pre-existing conditions.

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PTSD Diagnosis Process

Requires comprehensive clinical evaluation against diagnostic criteria.

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Main Treatment for PTSD

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) to reframe trauma-related thoughts.

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Bereavement

Natural response to the death of a loved one, marked by sadness.

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Complicated Bereavement

Grief lasting beyond 12 months may require professional help.

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GAD Symptoms

Includes restlessness, fatigue, concentration issues, and sleep disturbances.

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Phobias

Intense fear of specific objects or situations, excessively disproportionate.

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Treatment for Phobias

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) helps to challenge fear.

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Agoraphobia Symptoms

Involves physical symptoms like palpitations, sweating, or dizziness when exposed.

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Treatment for Agoraphobia

CBT is used for gradual exposure to feared situations.

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SSRIs for Anxiety

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors can manage anxiety symptoms.

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Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

First-line therapy for anxiety, addressing negative thought patterns.

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Complications of Panic Disorder

Often worsens anxiety and depression conditions.

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Diagnosis of Disorders

Made by a professional based on symptoms and history of the patient.

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Symptoms of Dysthymia

Chronic low mood lasting at least 2 years, affecting daily life.

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Dysthymia Treatment

Combination of therapy, medication, and lifestyle changes.

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Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)

Severe form of PMS, causing distress and impairment in functioning.

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Diagnosis of PMDD

Requires five or more symptoms present in the luteal phase; improving postpartum.

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PMDD Treatment

Involves lifestyle changes, SSRIs, and CBT for symptoms management.

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Agoraphobia Management

A chronic condition often manageable with treatment.

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Compulsions Function

Behaviors aimed at reducing anxiety from obsessions.

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OCD Treatment

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and medications, typically SSRIs.

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Major Depressive Disorder Diagnosis

At least two weeks of depressed mood or loss of interest.

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MDD Complications

Significant risk of suicidal ideation and attempts.

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Dysthymia Symptoms

Sadness, hopelessness, fatigue, and low self-esteem.

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DMDD Criteria

Depressed mood more days than not for two years.

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Dysthymia versus MDD

Dysthymia has less severe symptoms but lasts longer.

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Evaluating MDD

Diagnosis based on comprehensive clinical evaluation.

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SSRI Role

Common first-line antidepressants for mood disorders.

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CBT for MDD

Helps identify and challenge negative thought patterns.

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Deep Brain Stimulation

Considered for severe OCD in resistant cases.

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Study Notes

Adjustment Disorder

  • Defined by emotional or behavioral symptoms in response to a stressor.
  • Symptoms must appear within three months of the stressor and resolve within six months of the stressor's termination.
  • Symptoms are significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
  • Symptoms are "out of proportion" to the severity of the stressor.
  • Includes various subtypes, such as with depressed mood, anxiety, or mixed disturbances.
  • Treatment often includes behavioral therapies (stress reduction, relaxation, mindfulness), social support, and, if needed, short-term medications (e.g., sedatives).
  • Stressor can be a single event, recurrent, multiple, or continuous. Differentiate from Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) by ensuring criteria for MDD are not met, and differentiating from PTSD by timing/severity of the stressor.

Anxiety Disorders

  • Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD):
    • Excessive anxiety and worry about a number of events.
    • Worry is difficult to control.
    • Symptoms include restlessness, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbance.
    • Lasts at least 6 months.
  • Panic Disorder:
    • Recurring panic attacks (sudden episodes of intense fear and discomfort).
    • Attacks are unexpected or are related to a trigger.
    • Associated with worry about future attacks and avoidant behaviors.
    • Lasting for longer than a month, characterized by significant distress. Physiological symptoms can include palpitations, sweating, trembling, shortness of breath, chest pain, nausea, feeling dizzy, chills, paresthesia, fear of losing control, fear of dying.
  • Phobic Disorders:
    • Specific Phobias:
      • Marked fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation.
      • Exposure to the object/situation almost always provokes immediate fear/anxiety in the individual.
      • Intense fear levels are out of proportion to the actual danger.
      • Examples: animals, natural environments, blood-injection, injury, situational, other.
    • Agoraphobia:
      • Marked fear or anxiety about two or more situations.
      • Situations include using public transportation, being in open spaces, enclosed places, standing in lines, or being in crowds, being outside alone.
      • Fear or avoidance of these situations are significant.
      • Fear of escape difficulty or help unavailability, if experiencing panic-like symptoms

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

  • A disorder characterized by obsessions (intrusive, unwanted thoughts, urges, or images) and compulsions (repetitive behaviors or mental acts).
  • Patients experience distress, performing compulsions to relieve anxiety associated with obsessions.
  • Compulsive behaviors or mental acts are aimed at preventing or reducing distress and are not realistically connected to what they are designed to neutralize or prevent (or are clearly excessive).
  • OCD is not considered an anxiety disorder, but falls into a separate category.
  • Symptoms can include avoidance, checking rituals, and repetitive behaviors consuming over an hour per day.

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

  • Characterized by re-experiencing a traumatic event.
  • Avoidance of trauma-related stimuli.
  • Negative alterations in thoughts and mood.
  • Marked alterations in arousal and reactivity.
  • Symptoms present for at least a month.
  • Includes various types of exposure, direct experience, witnessing, learning, and extreme exposure to details, including reminders.
  • Symptoms may be in full or partial remission depending if they are related to the initial trauma and what the trigger may be.

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

  • Five or more symptoms present for at least two weeks, including depressed mood, loss of interest/pleasure, significant weight change, sleep disturbances, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness, and thoughts of death.
  • Symptoms significantly impair daily functioning.
  • Symptoms may be accompanied by various subtypes such as seasonal, melancholic, or peripartum.
  • Differentiate from Bereavement. Bereavement is a normal response to the loss of a loved one.

Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)

  • Depressed mood for a minimum of two years (one year for children).
  • Symptoms are comparable to major depressive disorder but are milder and of longer duration.
  • May cause significant functional impairment.

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)

  • Characterized by a cluster of symptoms that occur regularly around menstruation.
  • Symptoms include mood swings, irritability, anxiety, and depression.
  • Symptoms improve significantly after menstruation begins.
  • Symptoms need to occur regularly for at least 2 consecutive cycles for a clinical diagnosis.

Bereavement

  • The experience of losing a loved one.
  • Grief (feelings of loss and emptiness) is a normal part of bereavement.
  • Grief may decrease over time, though may come in waves.
  • Differentiate from MDD. Bereavement is a normal reaction to death and while symptoms overlap, the key distinctions are found in timing and duration of symptoms as well as function.

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Student Adjustment, Anxiety, and Depressive Disorders 2.7.25 PDF

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Explore the intricacies of Adjustment and Anxiety Disorders in this quiz. Learn about their definitions, symptoms, and treatment strategies while understanding the emotional impact of stressors. This quiz covers critical subtypes and clinical features to enhance your comprehension of these common psychological issues.

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