Podcast
Questions and Answers
What ancient treatment methods for mental illness included harsh physical approaches?
What ancient treatment methods for mental illness included harsh physical approaches?
Who is known for introducing hypnotism as a treatment for hysterical disorders?
Who is known for introducing hypnotism as a treatment for hysterical disorders?
What significant factor did Emil Kraepelin argue was responsible for mental dysfunction?
What significant factor did Emil Kraepelin argue was responsible for mental dysfunction?
Which perspective focuses on psychological causes of abnormal functioning?
Which perspective focuses on psychological causes of abnormal functioning?
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What was a major limitation of biological approaches to mental illness in the early 20th century?
What was a major limitation of biological approaches to mental illness in the early 20th century?
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What type of therapy did Freud primarily offer to patients?
What type of therapy did Freud primarily offer to patients?
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Which of the following was NOT a method mentioned for treating abnormal behavior in ancient practices?
Which of the following was NOT a method mentioned for treating abnormal behavior in ancient practices?
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Which historical belief about mental illness involved the use of terrible tasting brews?
Which historical belief about mental illness involved the use of terrible tasting brews?
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What was a consequence of the ineffective early biological approaches to treating mental illness?
What was a consequence of the ineffective early biological approaches to treating mental illness?
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Which of the following methods is NOT part of the moral treatment of mental illness according to the historical perspective?
Which of the following methods is NOT part of the moral treatment of mental illness according to the historical perspective?
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What aspect did Emil Kraepelin's argument focus on in relation to mental dysfunction?
What aspect did Emil Kraepelin's argument focus on in relation to mental dysfunction?
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Which of the following techniques was historically used for treating abnormal behavior and is still observed in some regions today?
Which of the following techniques was historically used for treating abnormal behavior and is still observed in some regions today?
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What was one of the primitive treatment methods introduced by Friedrich Mesmer?
What was one of the primitive treatment methods introduced by Friedrich Mesmer?
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Which approach views psychological causes as primary reasons for abnormal functioning?
Which approach views psychological causes as primary reasons for abnormal functioning?
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What was a major result of the biological approaches to mental illness in the early 20th century?
What was a major result of the biological approaches to mental illness in the early 20th century?
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What method primarily defines the moral treatment of mental illness historically?
What method primarily defines the moral treatment of mental illness historically?
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Which belief in ancient times did NOT relate to mental illness treatment?
Which belief in ancient times did NOT relate to mental illness treatment?
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What did Sigmund Freud contribute to the understanding of mental illness?
What did Sigmund Freud contribute to the understanding of mental illness?
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In what way did the ancient treatment methods reflect societal views on mental illness?
In what way did the ancient treatment methods reflect societal views on mental illness?
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Which of the following was NOT a method of treatment historically used for mental illness?
Which of the following was NOT a method of treatment historically used for mental illness?
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Study Notes
Preamble
- Historical views and current trends of abnormality will be explained
- Philosophical views of mental illness will be discussed, along with current methods of classifying mental disorders
- Emergence and refining of psychological illnesses and their treatments will be discussed
Learning Objectives
- Describe prehistoric and ancient beliefs about mental illness and its treatment
- Discuss the contribution of Muslim philosophers in defining abnormal behavior and its treatment
- Describe mental illness and its moral treatment method
- Compare and contrast old and current methods for defining mental illness and its treatment
Historical Perspective on Abnormal Behavior
Topic 4: Ancient Views and Treatments
- Ancient societies viewed abnormal behavior as the work of evil spirits, possibly dating back to the Stone Age.
- Abnormal behavior was attributed to supernatural causes and a battleground between external forces of good and evil
- Abnormal behavior was believed to be caused by the friction between good and evil forces
Expelling the Evil Spirits
- Treatment for severe abnormality often involved trephination (making a hole in the skull) and exorcism (casting out spirits).
- Trephining used a stone instrument or trephine to cut away a circular section of the skull to release spirits.
- Exorcism involved different rituals like prayer, noise-making, forcing the afflicted to drink bitter brews, flogging, and starvation.
Exorcism
- Various rituals were performed for casting out evil spirits
- Rituals like prayer, noise-making, forcing the afflicted to drink terrible tasting brews, flogging, and starvation were used
Topic 5: Islamic Perspective—Golden Period
- Muslim philosophers contributed significantly to understanding and treating abnormal behavior
- Al-Razi (Rhazes) discussed rudimentary fear, shock, and musical therapies for treating mental disorders
- Abu-Ali al-Husayn ibn Abdalah Ibn-Sina (Avicenna) highlighted the importance of human emotions in defining behavior and proposed treatment methods, centuries before the twentieth-century behavioral psychologists
Topic 6: The Renaissance and the Rise of Asylums
- The Renaissance (1400-1700 AD) saw a decline in demonological views of abnormality
- Johann Weyer, a German physician, believed the mind was susceptible to sickness as the body
- Religious shrines focused on the humane treatment of people with mental disorders
- The rise of asylums, institutions designed for the care of the mentally ill
Topic 7: Reform and Moral Treatment
- Moral treatment emerged in the 1700s, replacing older, inhumane treatment methods
- Moral treatment emphasized moral guidance, humane & respectful techniques
- Benjamin Rush and Dorothea Dix championed moral treatment in the US (Boston area)
The Early Twentieth Century: Dual Perspectives
The Somatogenic Perspective
- Abnormal functioning had a physiological cause, potentially including head injuries
- Factors like fatigue were believed to be causes of mental dysfunction
The Psychogenic Perspective
- Abnormal behavior had psychological causes
- Early methods like hypnotism were employed
- Sigmund Freud developed psychoanalysis, which differed from inpatient approaches
Topic 8: Current Trends
- The concept of mental illness is still sometimes unclear, with differing opinions on its causes.
- Psychotropic medications, like antipsychotics, antidepressants, and anti-anxiety drugs, are now widely used for treating mental disorders
- Deinstitutionalization shifted treatment toward outpatient care, with clients kept in communities.
- Community mental health approaches concentrate on keeping clients in communities to prevent hospitalization.
Outpatient Treatment
- Patients are often treated with short-term stays in hospitals, followed by community outpatient services
- Outpatient psychotherapy and medication have become more common for mental illnesses.
- Private psychotherapy has become more widely available.
A Growing Emphasis on Preventing Disorders
- Community mental health programs focus on preventing mental health problems and risk factors for mental illness
- Community programs aim to improve social conditions linked to psychological issues.
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Description
Explore the historical and philosophical perspectives on abnormal behavior in this quiz. Delve into ancient beliefs, the influence of Muslim philosophers, and the evolution of treatment approaches for mental illness. Compare the past and present classifications of psychological disorders.
