Psychology Chapter: Memory Models
48 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is a key criticism of the Multi-Store Model (MSM) of memory?

  • The MSM incorrectly assumes that all information in LTM is retrieved consciously.
  • The MSM does not account for the existence of multiple types of LTM. (correct)
  • The MSM accurately represents STM as a single, unitary store, despite evidence suggesting otherwise.
  • The MSM fails to acknowledge the qualitative differences between STM and LTM.

Which of the following is NOT a type of long-term memory discussed in the text?

  • Procedural memory
  • Semantic memory
  • Episodic memory
  • Sensory memory (correct)

Which type of memory is recalled unconsciously, according to the text?

  • Episodic memory
  • Both A and B
  • Semantic memory
  • Procedural memory (correct)

What does the text suggest about the role of rehearsal in transferring information from STM to LTM?

<p>Elaborative rehearsal is more important than maintenance rehearsal. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between episodic and semantic memories?

<p>Episodic memories relate to personal experiences, while semantic memories relate to general knowledge. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What evidence does the text provide to support the idea that STM might consist of multiple stores?

<p>The fact that some individuals have better recall for auditory stimuli than visual stimuli. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the MSM differ from the view of Craik and Watkins regarding the transfer of information from STM to LTM?

<p>The MSM emphasizes the role of rehearsal in transferring information, while Craik and Watkins focus on the type of rehearsal. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a procedural memory?

<p>Riding a bicycle. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of memory is primarily associated with the left prefrontal cortex?

<p>Semantic memory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory is MOST commonly affected by mild cognitive impairments?

<p>Episodic memory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly distinguishes between declarative and non-declarative memories?

<p>Declarative memories are conscious, non-declarative are unconscious (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What neurological evidence supports the idea of different types of long-term memory?

<p>Distinct regions of the brain are activated for different types of memories (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the central executive in the Working Memory Model?

<p>Distribute tasks to slave systems (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the phonological loop specifically allow for?

<p>Processing auditory information (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which types of memories were unaffected in the cases of HM and Clive Wearing?

<p>Procedural and semantic memories (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the Working Memory Model is described as having a very limited processing capacity?

<p>Central executive (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept illustrates that forgetting occurs when cues present at encoding are absent at recall?

<p>Retrieval failure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which experimental condition did Godden and Baddeley utilize to study context-dependent forgetting?

<p>Underwater and on land (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes state-dependent forgetting?

<p>Forgetting when internal cues differ between encoding and recall (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary finding from Carter and Cassaday's research on state-dependent forgetting?

<p>Matching internal cues increases recall accuracy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What limitation does Baddeley highlight regarding the ecological validity of retrieval failure studies?

<p>Real-life environments do not match experimental conditions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of laboratory studies does Eysenck suggest enhances the validity of retrieval failure as an explanation for forgetting?

<p>Controlled conditions minimizing confounding variables (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to studies on retrieval failure, which of the following scenarios is likely to lead to better recall?

<p>Recalling information learned underwater in the same location (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Tulving's encoding specificity principle suggest about memory retrieval?

<p>Cues present at encoding enhance efficient recall (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor may influence the accuracy of eyewitness testimony due to surprise rather than anxiety?

<p>High levels of unusualness in the crime scene (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ethical issue is raised by exposing participants to distressing scenarios in studies on eyewitness testimony?

<p>Increased psychological harm risks violating BPS guidelines (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a limitation of field studies in eyewitness testimony research?

<p>They may be influenced by extraneous variables (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key component of the cognitive interview aimed at improving eyewitness recall?

<p>Reinstating the context of the event (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of the cognitive interview helps reduce the influence of personal schemas on eyewitness accounts?

<p>Change the perspective (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way can post-event discussions affect eyewitness testimony accuracy?

<p>They can lead to memory distortion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'report everything' stage of the cognitive interview emphasize?

<p>Even seemingly insignificant details may be important (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What issue arises from studies requiring participants to recall traumatic events?

<p>The emotional distress can lead to psychological harm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the retrieval failure theory suggest about forgetting?

<p>It explains cases where encoding and retrieval cues are distinctly different. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary finding of Godden and Baddeley's underwater experiment?

<p>Recognition accuracy is not influenced by matching conditions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation of the encoding specificity principle?

<p>It relies heavily on cyclical reasoning. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can misleading information affect eyewitness testimony?

<p>It forces witnesses to conform to incorrect details. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the focus of Loftus and Palmer’s 1974 study?

<p>The influence of misleading questions on speed estimates. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the difference in speed estimates based on the verb used in Loftus and Palmer's study?

<p>Using the verb 'smashed' led to an increase of 8.7 mph in estimates. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which explanation relates to how leading questions affect witnesses’ answers according to Loftus and Palmer?

<p>Response bias. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the substitution explanation suggest about misleading questions?

<p>They completely alter the original memory. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following research studies are mentioned as having high ecological validity? (Select all that apply)

<p>Bahrick et al (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the passage, what is the primary reason why the findings of Petersen et al and Miller et al have low ecological validity?

<p>They didn't use meaningful stimuli. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The passage suggests that the capacity of short-term memory (STM) is:

<p>Likely closer to 4 items. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a component of the multi-store model of memory (MSM)?

<p>Working memory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of maintenance rehearsal in the short-term memory (STM)?

<p>It prevents information from decaying in the STM. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the passage, what is the duration of the short-term memory (STM)?

<p>18-30 seconds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of retrieving information from long-term memory (LTM) described as in the passage?

<p>Retrieval (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between STM and LTM, according to the passage? (Select all that apply)

<p>STM has a shorter duration than LTM. (A), STM primarily encodes information acoustically, while LTM encodes semantically. (B), STM has a limited capacity, while LTM has an unlimited capacity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Neurological Basis of Long-Term Memory

Different types of long-term memories are stored and recalled from different parts of the brain.

Semantic vs. Episodic Memory

Semantic memory is responsible for storing general knowledge and facts, while episodic memory stores personal experiences.

Declarative vs. Non-Declarative Memory

Declarative memories are those that are recalled consciously, such as facts and events. Non-declarative memories are recalled unconsciously, such as procedural skills.

Selective Memory Impairment

Individuals with damage to specific brain areas may experience deficits in one type of memory while others remain intact.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Central Executive

The central executive acts as a control center, allocating resources to other components of working memory.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Phonological Loop

The phonological loop specializes in processing and storing auditory information.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad

The visuo-spatial sketchpad is responsible for processing and storing visual and spatial information.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Episodic Buffer

The episodic buffer acts as a temporary storage system, integrating information from different working memory components.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ecological Validity

The degree to which research findings can be applied to real-life situations.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mundane Realism

The extent to which a study mirrors real-life experiences.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Short-Term Memory (STM)

A temporary memory store for information that receives attention. It has limited capacity and duration.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Maintenance Rehearsal

Repeating information to keep it in STM. Can lead to transferring information to LTM if done long enough.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Long-Term Memory (LTM)

The memory store for long-term storage of information. It has unlimited capacity and duration.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Retrieval

The process of bringing information back to STM from LTM.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Multi-Store Model of Memory (MSM)

The model that describes how information is processed and stored in memory, involving three stores (sensory register, STM, LTM).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sensory Register

The initial stage of memory that holds sensory information briefly. It has a large capacity but a very short duration.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Episodic Memory

A type of long-term memory (LTM) that stores our personal experiences, including details about when and where they occurred. These memories are typically conscious and accessible.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Semantic Memory

A type of long-term memory that stores factual knowledge about the world, concepts, and language. This information is often accessed unconsciously and helps us understand new information.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Procedural Memory

A type of long-term memory that stores our learned skills and procedures, such as riding a bike or typing. These memories operate unconsciously, allowing us to perform actions automatically.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Multi-Store Model (MSM) of Memory

A model of memory that proposes three distinct stages of processing: sensory memory, short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM). Information flows sequentially through these stages.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Elaborative Rehearsal

A deeper level of processing information in short-term memory (STM) that involves associating it with existing knowledge and creating meaningful connections. This process improves the chances of transferring information to long-term memory (LTM).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Unconscious Retrieval

A type of memory that is accessed unconsciously, such as using a learned skill or recalling information automatically without effort.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Retrieval Failure

The idea that forgetting occurs when the cues present during learning are not present during recall.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Encoding Specificity Principle (ESP)

This principle states that memory is best when the context at retrieval matches the context during encoding.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Context-Dependent Forgetting

Forgetting occurs when external cues present during encoding do not match those present at recall.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Godden and Baddeley (1975)

A study showing that deep-water divers recalled words better when they were tested in the same environment where they learned them.

Signup and view all the flashcards

State-Dependent Forgetting

Forgetting occurs when internal cues present during encoding do not match those present at recall.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Carter and Cassaday (1998)

A study showing that participants recalled words better when they were in the same internal state (medicated or not) during encoding and retrieval.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Retrieval Failure as a Main Cause of Forgetting

The idea that retrieval failure is a significant cause of forgetting in LTM.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ecological Validity of Retrieval Failure

The findings from retrieval failure studies might not be directly applicable to real-life situations because real-life contexts are less extreme.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Circular Reasoning in ESP

An issue with the Encoding Specificity Principle where the reasoning becomes circular. For example, it's assumed that differences between cues at encoding and retrieval cause retrieval failure, but the ESP also suggests this difference is the reason for retrieval failure. This makes it hard to prove or disprove the ESP conclusively.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Eyewitness Testimony

Information recalled about a crime by someone who witnessed it.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Misleading Information in Eyewitness Testimony

The accuracy of eyewitness testimony can be affected by misleading information, such as leading questions or post-event discussions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Leading Question

A type of question that suggests a particular answer. For example, 'Did you see the red car speeding?' suggests the car was red and speeding, even if it wasn't.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Response Bias

The explanation that leading questions only influence the way someone answers, but don't change their memories. For example, someone might simply say 'yes' to 'Did you see the red car?' because they are unsure and inclined to agree.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Substitution Explanation

The explanation that leading questions change the actual memory itself. For example, a leading question like 'Did you see the red car?' might lead the eyewitness to actually remember a red car.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Unusualness & EWT Accuracy

Witnessing a highly unusual event (like a raw chicken in a hair salon) might lead to a more accurate Eyewitness Testimony (EWT) than witnessing a more common event. This suggests the "weapon focus effect", where attention is drawn to a weapon, might be driven by surprise rather than anxiety.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ethical Concerns in EWT Research

Research involving disturbing images or traumatic memories raises ethical concerns, potentially causing psychological harm to participants. Balancing the potential benefits of research with the ethical costs is necessary.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Extraneous Variables in EWT Field Studies

Real-life studies of EWT are vulnerable to uncontrolled factors, like post-event discussions, which can influence memory accuracy. These variables make it difficult to draw reliable conclusions about EWT.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cognitive Interview

A technique designed to improve the accuracy of eyewitness recall by encouraging the witness to report all details, reconstruct the context, and consider different perspectives. This taps into various memory retrieval strategies.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cognitive Interview: Report Everything

The first stage of the cognitive interview involves encouraging the witness to recall all details, even seemingly trivial ones, as they may serve as cues to retrieve further information.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cognitive Interview: Reinstate the Context

The second cognitive interview stage focuses on reconstructing the context, including the weather, location, and mood, to enhance recall by reminding the witness of external cues.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cognitive Interview: Change Perspective

The third stage of the cognitive interview involves recalling events from different perspectives, like the victim or the perpetrator's point of view, to reduce the influence of personal biases.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cognitive Interview: Change Order

The final stage of a cognitive interview encourages witnesses to recall events in different orders or sequences, aiding in the retrieval of missing information.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Coding, Capacity, and Duration of Memory

  • Coding refers to how information is stored. Short-term memory (STM) codes information acoustically, while long-term memory (LTM) codes it semantically.
  • Capacity refers to the amount of information a memory store can hold. STM's capacity is estimated to be 7 ± 2 items (Miller), while LTM's capacity is considered unlimited.
  • Duration refers to how long information remains stored. STM duration is 18-30 seconds, and LTM duration is unlimited.

The Multi-Store Model of Memory (MSM)

  • The MSM proposes three memory stores: sensory register, short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM).
  • The sensory register receives sensory information and has a large capacity but a very short duration (less than half a second).
  • STM temporarily stores information and has a limited capacity (7 ± 2 items) and duration (18-30 seconds). Maintenance rehearsal can transfer information from STM to LTM, while lack of rehearsal leads to forgetting.
  • LTM stores information permanently and has a large or unlimited capacity and indefinite duration.

Types of Long-Term Memory

  • Episodic memory stores personal experiences, including when and how events occurred.
  • Semantic memory stores general knowledge and facts about the world.
  • Procedural memory stores memories of learned skills and actions.

Working Memory Model (WMM)

  • The WMM suggests that STM is not a single store but a system with separate components.
  • The central executive is the attentional control system, allocating tasks to other components.
  • The phonological loop processes auditory information. It consists of the phonological store (holds auditory information) and the articulatory control process (processes and rehearses information).
  • The visuo-spatial sketchpad processes visual and spatial information.
  • The episodic buffer is a temporary store that integrates information from different sources (phonological loop, visuo-spatial sketchpad, and LTM) to create a single episode.

Explanations for Forgetting: Interference

  • Interference occurs when one memory blocks the recall of another.
  • Retroactive interference occurs when new memories impair the recall of old memories.
  • Proactive interference occurs when old memories impair the recall of new memories.

Explanations for Forgetting: Retrieval Failure

  • Retrieval failure occurs when cues needed to retrieve information are missing at the time of retrieval.
  • Encoding specificity principle (ESP): Retrieval is more successful when the context at encoding matches the context at retrieval.
  • Context-dependent forgetting occurs when external cues at encoding don't match those at retrieval (e.g., learning underwater, recalling on land).
  • State-dependent forgetting occurs when internal cues (e.g., mood, physiological state) at encoding don't match those at retrieval.

Factors Affecting Eyewitness Testimony: Misleading Information

  • Leading questions can distort eyewitness accuracy.
  • Post-event discussions can contaminate memories.
  • Response bias and memory substitution are two explanations.

Factors Affecting Eyewitness Testimony: Anxiety

  • Anxiety can affect eyewitness accuracy.
  • High anxiety can lead to a 'weapon focus,' narrowing attention to the weapon, potentially reducing recall of other details.
  • The Yerkes-Dodson Law suggests an inverted-U relationship between arousal and performance, with moderate levels of anxiety producing the best recall.

Improving Accuracy of Eyewitness Testimony: Cognitive Interviews

  • A structured interview procedure aimed at increasing recall accuracy.
  • Four major stages are used: report everything, reinstate context, change perspective, and reverse order.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

AQA Psychology A-level Memory Notes PDF

Description

This quiz covers key concepts related to coding, capacity, and duration of memory in psychology. It focuses on the Multi-Store Model of Memory, detailing the characteristics of sensory register, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Test your understanding of these essential theories and their implications.

More Like This

Psychology Chapter 5: Memory Models and Research
11 questions

Psychology Chapter 5: Memory Models and Research

InvigoratingWichita avatar
InvigoratingWichita
Psychology Chapter 7: Memory Models
48 questions

Psychology Chapter 7: Memory Models

ReliableJubilation2839 avatar
ReliableJubilation2839
Psychology Chapter on Memory Models
42 questions

Psychology Chapter on Memory Models

GoldenRockCrystal9828 avatar
GoldenRockCrystal9828
Cognitive Psychology Semantic Memory Quiz
41 questions

Cognitive Psychology Semantic Memory Quiz

BlissfulOnyx2600 avatar
BlissfulOnyx2600
Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser