Cognitive Psychology: Memory Models

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Questions and Answers

What primary role does the Central Executive play in Baddeley's model of working memory?

Directing attention and coordinating cognitive processes (correct)

Maintaining auditory information through repetition

Storing visual information

Processing long-term memory directly

Which method of encoding long-term memories involves associating information with personal experiences?

Elaborate Rehearsal

Self-Reference Effect (correct)

Maintenance Rehearsal

Visual Imagery

How does the capacity of long-term memory compare to that of working memory?

Long-term memory has a much smaller capacity

Long-term memory has virtually limitless capacity (correct)

Working memory has a virtually limitless capacity

Both have the same capacity

What is the process by which unstable short-term memories become stable long-term memories?

Consolidation Signup and view all the answers

Which component of working memory is specifically responsible for handling auditory stimuli?

Phonological Loop Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of working memory as defined in Baddeley's model?

It allows for the active and conscious manipulation of information. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the concept of 'chunking' in memory capacity?

Organizing related items into manageable units to increase retention. Signup and view all the answers

According to George Miller, what is the approximate capacity of short-term memory?

Seven plus or minus two. Signup and view all the answers

What implication does current research suggest regarding the capacity of short-term memory when chunking is not utilized?

It typically reduces to four items plus or minus one. Signup and view all the answers

Which cognitive activities require the use of working memory as defined in its model?

Active reasoning and problem solving. Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory is specifically responsible for recalling how to ride a bike?

Procedural memory Signup and view all the answers

Which type of memory is characterized by the inability to consciously recollect information?

Implicit memory Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes semantic memory?

Memory related to general knowledge and facts Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes episodic memory from other types of long-term memory?

It involves memories of events and experiences. Signup and view all the answers

Which is an example of implicit memory?

Executing a dance routine Signup and view all the answers

In what way should you actively engage with new information during your studies?

Stating the information in your own words Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following elements is not part of explicit memory?

Motor skills Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of sensory memory?

To allow for continuous perception of sensory inputs Signup and view all the answers

Which type of memory is specifically responsible for auditory stimuli?

Echoic Memory Signup and view all the answers

How long can information typically be retained in short-term memory without rehearsal?

15-20 seconds Signup and view all the answers

What process can help extend the duration of information in short-term memory?

Maintenance rehearsal Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation of sensory memory?

It only captures information for a very short period. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of iconic memory?

It is specifically for visual stimuli. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor can lead to the loss of information in short-term memory?

Interference from new information Signup and view all the answers

What happens to sensory impressions in the sensory register?

They are stored until replaced by new impressions. Signup and view all the answers

How do sensory memories contribute to perception?

They enable the perception of the world as a continuous experience. Signup and view all the answers

What role does decay play in short-term memory?

It leads to the loss of information over time. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Baddeley's Model of Working Memory

Baddeley's model highlights three primary components of working memory: the visuospatial sketchpad, the central executive, and the phonological loop.
The visuospatial sketchpad processes visual and spatial information.
The central executive controls and coordinates the other components.
The phonological loop processes auditory information.
All components interact with long-term memory for information processing and retrieval.

Long-Term Memory

Long-term memory stores information for extended periods.
It has a practically limitless capacity.
Retrieval is generally quick and effortless.
Memories are consolidated through a process that stabilizes unstable short-term memories.

Encoding Long-Term Memories

Encoding converts new information into a format suitable for retrieval.
Elaborate rehearsal involves focusing on the meaning of information.
The self-reference effect involves connecting information to personal experiences.
Visual imagery uses vivid mental pictures to improve encoding.

Types of Long-Term Memory

Procedural memory stores information about skills and procedures.
Episodic memory stores memories of specific events or episodes.
Autobiographical memory stores personal life events.
Semantic memory stores general knowledge and facts.

Explicit vs. Implicit Memory

Explicit memory, also known as declarative memory, is memory with conscious awareness.
Two types of explicit memory exist: episodic information (events) and semantic information (facts and general knowledge).
Implicit memory, also called nondeclarative memory, is memory without conscious awareness.
Implicit memory influences behavior and task performance but cannot be consciously recalled.

Sensory Memory

Sensory memory briefly registers information from the environment.
Lasting only a short period of time.
It stores information in a temporary storage device called the sensory register.
Iconic memory processes visual stimuli, lasting around half a second.
Echoic memory processes auditory stimuli, lasting up to three to four seconds.

Short-Term Memory

Short-term memory actively stores information for about 20 seconds.
Maintenance rehearsal, through mental or verbal repetition, can extend its duration.
Information loss can occur due to decay or interference from new information.

Capacity of Short-Term Memory

Short-term memory capacity, according to George Miller, is typically "seven plus or minus two" items.
Chunking, grouping related items together, can increase capacity.
Recent research suggests the actual capacity might be closer to "four plus or minus one" when chunking is not used.

Working Memory

The terms working memory and short-term memory are sometimes used interchangeably.
Working memory actively manipulates temporarily stored information.
It involves three interconnected components that operate independently.
Working memory is crucial for complex cognitive tasks requiring temporary information processing, such as reasoning and problem-solving.

Memory Processes

Encoding converts information into a format usable for memory.
Storage retains information in memory.
Retrieval brings to mind information stored in memory.

Atkinson & Shiffrin's (1968) Stage Model of Memory

This model proposes a transfer of information between memory stages.
Sensory memory holds a vast amount of information briefly, lasting from 1/4 to 3 seconds.
Short-term memory receives new information from sensory memory and retrieves old information from long-term memory. It has a limited capacity and lasts approximately 20 seconds.
Long-term memory stores information permanently, with unlimited capacity, having been encoded from short-term memory.

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Description

Explore the intricacies of Baddeley's model of working memory and the processes involved in long-term memory. This quiz delves into components like the central executive and the phonological loop, while also examining how memories are encoded for future retrieval.