Psychology Chapter: Industry vs. Inferiority

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Questions and Answers

How can hidden disabilities affect a child's self-esteem?

They typically encourage children to seek more social interactions.

They can lead to diminished self-esteem due to stigmatization. (correct)

Children may develop a heightened sense of self-worth.

They generally have no effect on self-esteem.

What impact can social comparison have on children with invisible disabilities?

It can lead to increased confidence due to understanding their abilities.

Children might feel inadequate when comparing themselves to peers who appear 'normal'. (correct)

Social comparison has little to no impact on children with disabilities.

It fosters a supportive environment among differently-abled children.

What misconception could affect family relationships for children with hidden disabilities?

Most families recognize the challenges faced by children with disabilities.

Invisible disabilities are frequently all understood within families.

Families often become more supportive.

Family members may believe the child can function without pressing support. (correct)

How might friendship dynamics be influenced for children with invisible disabilities?

There might be a reluctance from peers to engage due to misunderstanding. Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant effect of discrimination on children with invisible disabilities?

Development of a learned fear of stigma, causing avoidance of conversations about disabilities. Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential benefit of children spending time alone after school?

It may help develop a sense of autonomy. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the relationship between autism diagnoses and vaccinations is accurate?

The rise in autism diagnoses is purely due to increased awareness. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following age groups has about 12 to 14% of children spending some time alone after school?

Children aged 5 to 12 years. Signup and view all the answers

What are hidden disabilities characterized by?

Physical or mental impairments that impact daily functions but are not readily apparent. Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to the complexity of diagnosing ADHD?

The current research debates about under-diagnosis and over-diagnosis rates. Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristics describe many autistic individuals?

They might require assistance with daily living. Signup and view all the answers

What is the reason children may begin to self-care?

Full-time working commitments of adults in the home. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is suggested to contribute more to the etiology of autism?

Inherited factors and individual differences. Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the shift in self-understanding between a 6-year-old and an 11-year-old?

They become more aware of their abilities and social qualities. Signup and view all the answers

How does self-esteem differ from self-efficacy during middle childhood?

Self-efficacy does not rely on comparisons with others. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common outcome for children with chronically low self-esteem?

They may enter a cycle of failure that is difficult to break. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of social comparison in self-esteem development?

It serves as a basis for evaluating one's behavior and abilities. Signup and view all the answers

What is co-regulation in the context of family relationships during middle childhood?

A shared approach to controlling children's behavior by both parents and children. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best reflects the impact of friendship during middle childhood?

Friends can foster emotional support and manage stress responses. Signup and view all the answers

Which area of self-concept becomes increasingly differentiated during middle childhood?

All areas, such as academic and social self-concepts. Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary challenge faced by children and parents during middle childhood?

Negotiating control and autonomy within the parent-child relationship. Signup and view all the answers

How does friendship contribute to a child's emotional development?

Friendship teaches children how to interpret and manage their emotions. Signup and view all the answers

What can parents do to enhance their child's self-esteem during middle childhood?

Promote their child's strengths and achievements. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages: Industry vs. Inferiority

Ages 6 to 12
Children face challenges from parents, peers, school, and society
Children want to feel capable of handling challenges
Difficulty in meeting challenges leads to feelings of inadequacy and low self-esteem

Shifts in Self-Understanding During Industry vs. Inferiority

Children develop more complex understandings of themselves
They can differentiate their abilities in different areas
Physical, emotional, academic, and social self-concepts become more distinct

Self-Esteem

Self-evaluation based on how we view our ideal selves
More emotionally driven than objective ability
Differentiated between different areas of life

We compare our abilities and opinions to others
Used to evaluate ourselves in areas without objective measures

Change & Stability in Self-Esteem

Self-esteem generally increases during middle childhood
A decline around age 12, likely due to the transition to middle/junior high school
Children with chronically low self-esteem may struggle to break a cycle of failure
Parents can help counter this cycle by promoting their child's self-esteem

Self-Esteem vs Self-Efficacy

Self-efficacy: belief in one's ability to complete a specific task or reach a goal
More general than self-esteem and applies to multiple areas
Does not rely on social comparison like self-esteem

Self-Efficacy and Motivation

Belief in one's capability increases motivation to attempt tasks
Scaffolding helps children develop competence and self-efficacy

Friendship in Middle Childhood

Increasingly important during this period
Friends influence development in various ways:
- Foster intellectual growth through shared experiences
- Provide emotional support, helping children cope with stress
- Reduce the likelihood of becoming a target of aggression
- Teach children to manage and interpret emotions

Relationships with Family

Co-regulation: parents and children share control over behavior
Parents set general guidelines, children manage everyday behavior
Effective parenting styles are crucial

Hidden Disabilities

Disabilities that are not readily apparent to others
Examples include autism spectrum disorder, ADHD, seizure disorder, brain injury, chronic pain, repetitive stress injury, and sleep disorders
Up to 80% of all disabilities are invisible
Around 10% of Americans have an invisible disability
Many hidden disabilities are learning disabilities
96% of people with chronic medical conditions show no outward signs

Impacts of Hidden Disabilities on Elementary School Students

Difficulty attending school, socializing, accessing services, and places
Discrimination, assumptions, stigmatization, judgment, and hostility
Lowered self-esteem
Stigmatization: the primary difference between visible and invisible disabilities

Stigma and Hidden Disabilities

Individuals may be judged based on their appearance, leading to scrutiny about their disability status
Others may have disbelief in the existence of the disability
Negative judgments, harassment, and bullying can occur
Children may avoid discussing their disabilities due to fear of stigma

Relationships with Family in Middle Childhood

Children spend less time with parents but parental influence remains significant
Children may need to self-care more, especially if adults are working full-time
“Latchkey children” are those who manage themselves after school until caretakers return
12 to 14% of children between 5 and 12 spend some time alone after school
Research shows few differences between self-care children and those who go home to parents

Autism

Neurodevelopmental condition
556% increase in autism diagnoses between 1991 and 1997
Vaccination does NOT cause autism
Complex etiology, but research suggests an emphasis on inherited factors and individual differences

Autism Etiology

Likely related to genetics, prenatal events, and brain development

ADHD

Characterized by restlessness, inattentiveness, and impulsivity
Affects 11% of male children and 4% of female children
Complex etiology with challenges in diagnosis, over-diagnosis, and medication rates

Hidden Disabilities Defined

Disabilities that are not readily apparent to others
Impact daily functions, despite not being visibly obvious

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Description

Explore Erikson’s Psychosocial Stage of Industry vs. Inferiority, focusing on children's development between ages 6 to 12. This quiz covers self-esteem, social comparison, and shifts in self-understanding during this critical period. Discover how challenges from various sources can impact children's self-concept.