Psychology Chapter: Industry vs. Inferiority
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Psychology Chapter: Industry vs. Inferiority

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Questions and Answers

How can hidden disabilities affect a child's self-esteem?

  • They typically encourage children to seek more social interactions.
  • They can lead to diminished self-esteem due to stigmatization. (correct)
  • Children may develop a heightened sense of self-worth.
  • They generally have no effect on self-esteem.
  • What impact can social comparison have on children with invisible disabilities?

  • It can lead to increased confidence due to understanding their abilities.
  • Children might feel inadequate when comparing themselves to peers who appear 'normal'. (correct)
  • Social comparison has little to no impact on children with disabilities.
  • It fosters a supportive environment among differently-abled children.
  • What misconception could affect family relationships for children with hidden disabilities?

  • Most families recognize the challenges faced by children with disabilities.
  • Invisible disabilities are frequently all understood within families.
  • Families often become more supportive.
  • Family members may believe the child can function without pressing support. (correct)
  • How might friendship dynamics be influenced for children with invisible disabilities?

    <p>There might be a reluctance from peers to engage due to misunderstanding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant effect of discrimination on children with invisible disabilities?

    <p>Development of a learned fear of stigma, causing avoidance of conversations about disabilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential benefit of children spending time alone after school?

    <p>It may help develop a sense of autonomy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the relationship between autism diagnoses and vaccinations is accurate?

    <p>The rise in autism diagnoses is purely due to increased awareness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following age groups has about 12 to 14% of children spending some time alone after school?

    <p>Children aged 5 to 12 years.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are hidden disabilities characterized by?

    <p>Physical or mental impairments that impact daily functions but are not readily apparent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the complexity of diagnosing ADHD?

    <p>The current research debates about under-diagnosis and over-diagnosis rates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristics describe many autistic individuals?

    <p>They might require assistance with daily living.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason children may begin to self-care?

    <p>Full-time working commitments of adults in the home.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is suggested to contribute more to the etiology of autism?

    <p>Inherited factors and individual differences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes the shift in self-understanding between a 6-year-old and an 11-year-old?

    <p>They become more aware of their abilities and social qualities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does self-esteem differ from self-efficacy during middle childhood?

    <p>Self-efficacy does not rely on comparisons with others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common outcome for children with chronically low self-esteem?

    <p>They may enter a cycle of failure that is difficult to break.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of social comparison in self-esteem development?

    <p>It serves as a basis for evaluating one's behavior and abilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is co-regulation in the context of family relationships during middle childhood?

    <p>A shared approach to controlling children's behavior by both parents and children.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best reflects the impact of friendship during middle childhood?

    <p>Friends can foster emotional support and manage stress responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area of self-concept becomes increasingly differentiated during middle childhood?

    <p>All areas, such as academic and social self-concepts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary challenge faced by children and parents during middle childhood?

    <p>Negotiating control and autonomy within the parent-child relationship.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does friendship contribute to a child's emotional development?

    <p>Friendship teaches children how to interpret and manage their emotions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can parents do to enhance their child's self-esteem during middle childhood?

    <p>Promote their child's strengths and achievements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages: Industry vs. Inferiority

    • Ages 6 to 12
    • Children face challenges from parents, peers, school, and society
    • Children want to feel capable of handling challenges
    • Difficulty in meeting challenges leads to feelings of inadequacy and low self-esteem

    Shifts in Self-Understanding During Industry vs. Inferiority

    • Children develop more complex understandings of themselves
    • They can differentiate their abilities in different areas
    • Physical, emotional, academic, and social self-concepts become more distinct

    Self-Esteem

    • Self-evaluation based on how we view our ideal selves
    • More emotionally driven than objective ability
    • Differentiated between different areas of life

    Social Comparison

    • We compare our abilities and opinions to others
    • Used to evaluate ourselves in areas without objective measures

    Change & Stability in Self-Esteem

    • Self-esteem generally increases during middle childhood
    • A decline around age 12, likely due to the transition to middle/junior high school
    • Children with chronically low self-esteem may struggle to break a cycle of failure
    • Parents can help counter this cycle by promoting their child's self-esteem

    Self-Esteem vs Self-Efficacy

    • Self-efficacy: belief in one's ability to complete a specific task or reach a goal
    • More general than self-esteem and applies to multiple areas
    • Does not rely on social comparison like self-esteem

    Self-Efficacy and Motivation

    • Belief in one's capability increases motivation to attempt tasks
    • Scaffolding helps children develop competence and self-efficacy

    Friendship in Middle Childhood

    • Increasingly important during this period
    • Friends influence development in various ways:
      • Foster intellectual growth through shared experiences
      • Provide emotional support, helping children cope with stress
      • Reduce the likelihood of becoming a target of aggression
      • Teach children to manage and interpret emotions

    Relationships with Family

    • Co-regulation: parents and children share control over behavior
    • Parents set general guidelines, children manage everyday behavior
    • Effective parenting styles are crucial

    Hidden Disabilities

    • Disabilities that are not readily apparent to others
    • Examples include autism spectrum disorder, ADHD, seizure disorder, brain injury, chronic pain, repetitive stress injury, and sleep disorders
    • Up to 80% of all disabilities are invisible
    • Around 10% of Americans have an invisible disability
    • Many hidden disabilities are learning disabilities
    • 96% of people with chronic medical conditions show no outward signs

    Impacts of Hidden Disabilities on Elementary School Students

    • Difficulty attending school, socializing, accessing services, and places
    • Discrimination, assumptions, stigmatization, judgment, and hostility
    • Lowered self-esteem
    • Stigmatization: the primary difference between visible and invisible disabilities

    Stigma and Hidden Disabilities

    • Individuals may be judged based on their appearance, leading to scrutiny about their disability status
    • Others may have disbelief in the existence of the disability
    • Negative judgments, harassment, and bullying can occur
    • Children may avoid discussing their disabilities due to fear of stigma

    Relationships with Family in Middle Childhood

    • Children spend less time with parents but parental influence remains significant
    • Children may need to self-care more, especially if adults are working full-time
    • “Latchkey children” are those who manage themselves after school until caretakers return
    • 12 to 14% of children between 5 and 12 spend some time alone after school
    • Research shows few differences between self-care children and those who go home to parents

    Autism

    • Neurodevelopmental condition
    • 556% increase in autism diagnoses between 1991 and 1997
    • Vaccination does NOT cause autism
    • Complex etiology, but research suggests an emphasis on inherited factors and individual differences

    Autism Etiology

    • Likely related to genetics, prenatal events, and brain development

    ADHD

    • Characterized by restlessness, inattentiveness, and impulsivity
    • Affects 11% of male children and 4% of female children
    • Complex etiology with challenges in diagnosis, over-diagnosis, and medication rates

    Hidden Disabilities Defined

    • Disabilities that are not readily apparent to others
    • Impact daily functions, despite not being visibly obvious

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    Description

    Explore Erikson’s Psychosocial Stage of Industry vs. Inferiority, focusing on children's development between ages 6 to 12. This quiz covers self-esteem, social comparison, and shifts in self-understanding during this critical period. Discover how challenges from various sources can impact children's self-concept.

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