Questions and Answers
What are characteristics of an insecure/ambivalent attachment?
Which attachment style is characterized by confusing and odd behaviors in infants?
What can strongly influence the attachment process in children?
Which of the following describes a 'difficult temperament'?
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Which type of temperament is least likely to cause issues in adapting to new environments?
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What is the 'goodness-of-fit model' primarily concerned with?
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When does the subjective self-concept typically emerge in infants?
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What is most likely to occur in children with married parents regarding attachment?
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What does Freud suggest is the primary way infants derive satisfaction in the first stage of psychosexual development?
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How does Erikson view the importance of responding to an infant's needs in the first two years?
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Which attachment phase occurs from birth to 3 months, characterized by infants attempting to draw attention for their needs?
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At what stage do infants begin to show true attachment and seek proximity to their primary caregiver?
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What is a key characteristic of insecure/avoidant attachment in infants?
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What phase of attachment begins at around 24 months and involves the ability to anticipate emotional outcomes?
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Recent studies have shown which of the following views to be more accurate regarding early personality development?
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Which component of attachment theory states that infants are biologically predisposed to form emotional bonds?
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Study Notes
Freud's View of Personality Development
- Personality develops through a series of psychosexual stages from birth to adolescence.
- Infants seek satisfaction primarily through the mouth, emphasizing oral fixation.
Erikson's View of Personality Development
- Responding to all infant needs is crucial for development during the first two years.
- Infants learn to either trust the environment or develop cynicism about social interactions.
- Recent studies indicate Erikson's framework is more accurate than Freud's.
Attachment Theory (Ethological Perspective)
- Humans are genetically predisposed to form emotional bonds with caregivers for survival.
Four Phases of Attachment
- Nonfocused Orienting and Signaling (Birth to 3 months): Infants cry, smile, and make eye contact to attract attention for their needs.
- Focus on One or More Figures (3 to 6 months): Infants direct signals to familiar caregivers and show less responsiveness to strangers.
- Secure Base Behaviour (6 to 24 months): True attachment develops; infants seek proximity to their primary caregiver for safety and comfort.
- Internal Model (24 months and on): Infants can reflect on how their actions affect their relationships with caregivers.
Ainsworth's Types of Attachment
- Secure Attachment: Infants separate from parents easily but seek them when distressed; comfortable with eye contact.
- Insecure/Avoidant Attachment: Avoids contact with the parent, shows minimal preference for them; little responsiveness at reunion.
- Insecure/Ambivalent Attachment: Displays limited exploration, upset by separation, not easily comforted upon return; fluctuates between seeking and resisting contact with parents.
- Insecure/Disorganized Attachment: Shows confusion and odd behaviors; may approach caregiver with averted gaze.
Influencing Factors on Attachment
- Emotional Responsiveness: The ability of caregivers to form emotional attachments influences infant attachment.
- Marital Status: Children of married parents tend to have more secure attachment styles.
- Mental Health: Caregivers with psychiatric illnesses may struggle with maintaining attachment quality.
Temperament
- Inborn predispositions that form the basis of personality, can be observed through various dimensions.
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Assessable Dimensions of Temperament:
- Activity level
- Approach/positive emotionality/sociability
- Inhibition and anxiety
- Negative emotionality/irritability/anger
- Effortful control/task persistence
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Types of Temperament:
- Easy temperament
- Slow-to-warm-up temperament
- Difficult temperament
- Heredity and environment interact, with parental behavior amplifying or moderating inborn temperament.
Goodness-of-Fit Model
- This model reflects how well an infant's temperament aligns with their environment and vice versa.
Development of Self-Concept
- Subjective Self (8 to 12 months): Awareness of oneself as a distinct individual who can interact with the environment.
- Objective Self (Toddler years): Understanding oneself through categories like gender, known as the categorical self.
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Description
Explore the contrasting views of personality development by Freud and Erikson during the crucial first two years of life. This quiz delves into Freud's psychosexual stages and Erikson's focus on trust and need satisfaction in infants. Test your understanding of these foundational theories in psychology.
