Psyc Module 6

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Questions and Answers

What are characteristics of an insecure/ambivalent attachment?

Child quickly adjusts to new environments without distress.

Child seeks constant eye contact and embraces strangers.

Child is confident in social situations and explores freely.

Child shows little exploration and is greatly upset by separation. (correct)

Which attachment style is characterized by confusing and odd behaviors in infants?

Avoidant attachment

Insecure-ambivalent attachment

Secure attachment

Insecure-disorganized attachment (correct)

What can strongly influence the attachment process in children?

Child's physical appearance

Child's favorite toys and their color

Parental emotional responsiveness (correct)

Sibling rivalry and competition

Which of the following describes a 'difficult temperament'?

High activity level and irritability Signup and view all the answers

Which type of temperament is least likely to cause issues in adapting to new environments?

Easy temperament Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'goodness-of-fit model' primarily concerned with?

How well a child’s temperament matches their environment Signup and view all the answers

When does the subjective self-concept typically emerge in infants?

8 to 12 months Signup and view all the answers

What is most likely to occur in children with married parents regarding attachment?

Increased likelihood of secure attachment Signup and view all the answers

What does Freud suggest is the primary way infants derive satisfaction in the first stage of psychosexual development?

Through the mouth Signup and view all the answers

How does Erikson view the importance of responding to an infant's needs in the first two years?

All infant needs are equally important Signup and view all the answers

Which attachment phase occurs from birth to 3 months, characterized by infants attempting to draw attention for their needs?

Nonfocused orienting and signalling Signup and view all the answers

At what stage do infants begin to show true attachment and seek proximity to their primary caregiver?

Secure Base Behaviour Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of insecure/avoidant attachment in infants?

Infants avoid contact with the caregiver after an absence Signup and view all the answers

What phase of attachment begins at around 24 months and involves the ability to anticipate emotional outcomes?

Internal Mode Signup and view all the answers

Recent studies have shown which of the following views to be more accurate regarding early personality development?

Erikson's perspective Signup and view all the answers

Which component of attachment theory states that infants are biologically predisposed to form emotional bonds?

Ethological perspective Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Freud's View of Personality Development

Personality develops through a series of psychosexual stages from birth to adolescence.
Infants seek satisfaction primarily through the mouth, emphasizing oral fixation.

Erikson's View of Personality Development

Responding to all infant needs is crucial for development during the first two years.
Infants learn to either trust the environment or develop cynicism about social interactions.
Recent studies indicate Erikson's framework is more accurate than Freud's.

Attachment Theory (Ethological Perspective)

Humans are genetically predisposed to form emotional bonds with caregivers for survival.

Four Phases of Attachment

Nonfocused Orienting and Signaling (Birth to 3 months): Infants cry, smile, and make eye contact to attract attention for their needs.
Focus on One or More Figures (3 to 6 months): Infants direct signals to familiar caregivers and show less responsiveness to strangers.
Secure Base Behaviour (6 to 24 months): True attachment develops; infants seek proximity to their primary caregiver for safety and comfort.
Internal Model (24 months and on): Infants can reflect on how their actions affect their relationships with caregivers.

Ainsworth's Types of Attachment

Secure Attachment: Infants separate from parents easily but seek them when distressed; comfortable with eye contact.
Insecure/Avoidant Attachment: Avoids contact with the parent, shows minimal preference for them; little responsiveness at reunion.
Insecure/Ambivalent Attachment: Displays limited exploration, upset by separation, not easily comforted upon return; fluctuates between seeking and resisting contact with parents.
Insecure/Disorganized Attachment: Shows confusion and odd behaviors; may approach caregiver with averted gaze.

Influencing Factors on Attachment

Emotional Responsiveness: The ability of caregivers to form emotional attachments influences infant attachment.
Marital Status: Children of married parents tend to have more secure attachment styles.
Mental Health: Caregivers with psychiatric illnesses may struggle with maintaining attachment quality.

Temperament

Inborn predispositions that form the basis of personality, can be observed through various dimensions.
Assessable Dimensions of Temperament:
- Activity level
- Approach/positive emotionality/sociability
- Inhibition and anxiety
- Negative emotionality/irritability/anger
- Effortful control/task persistence
Types of Temperament:
- Easy temperament
- Slow-to-warm-up temperament
- Difficult temperament
Heredity and environment interact, with parental behavior amplifying or moderating inborn temperament.

Goodness-of-Fit Model

This model reflects how well an infant's temperament aligns with their environment and vice versa.

Development of Self-Concept

Subjective Self (8 to 12 months): Awareness of oneself as a distinct individual who can interact with the environment.
Objective Self (Toddler years): Understanding oneself through categories like gender, known as the categorical self.

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Description

Explore the contrasting views of personality development by Freud and Erikson during the crucial first two years of life. This quiz delves into Freud's psychosexual stages and Erikson's focus on trust and need satisfaction in infants. Test your understanding of these foundational theories in psychology.