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Questions and Answers

What aspect of Filipino culture is highlighted through friendships?

Friendships are based solely on economic transactions.

Friendships do not influence social alliances.

Friendships are strictly formal and do not involve personal feelings.

Friendships often carry the same status as family relationships. (correct)

What does 'utang na loob' signify in Filipino culture?

A permanent debt that can never be repaid.

A privilege granted without expectation of return.

An informal relationship devoid of commitments.

A sense of obligation to repay favors received. (correct)

What is the concept of 'pakikisama' in Filipino culture?

An approach that emphasizes competition between friends.

A practice of prioritizing individual success over group interests.

A concept that discourages group activities.

A focus on maintaining group harmony and cooperation. (correct)

How does the 'patron-client relationship' function in Filipino society?

The patron gives support while the client can repay through favors. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What benefit of social relationships is associated with improved health?

Heightened ability to fight common ailments. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What does inherited status refer to?

Status given to you at birth (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which leadership style is characterized by a mutual relationship between leaders and followers?

Reciprocal (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which quality is NOT essential for an effective leader?

Ability to manipulate (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which component of emotion involves physiological changes like a racing heart?

Physical component (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary objective of social institutions?

To help society meet its goals and needs (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does the cognitive component of emotion primarily evaluate?

Type and intensity of the emotion (C) Signup and view all the answers

In which leadership style do leaders and members exchange efforts for mutual rewards?

Transactional (A) Signup and view all the answers

Patty's trembling and deep breathing after the lamppost went out exemplifies which component of emotion?

Physical component (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the behavioral component of emotion?

It expresses emotions through actions and communication. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes adaptive and goal-seeking leaders?

They focus on achieving both personal and group goals (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of followership?

Working with a leader and other group members effectively (D) Signup and view all the answers

In the James-Lange theory of emotion, what is the initial step in experiencing an emotion?

Physical response to a stimulus (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cognitive appraisal made when exam results exceed expectations?

It is seen as a positive outcome due to hard work. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which leadership style promotes legitimate influence rather than power?

Cooperative (B) Signup and view all the answers

What type of feeling is described as basic and may include responses like 'fear'?

Basic emotions (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes a person's position or rank within a community or group?

Status (C) Signup and view all the answers

What would be an example of the behavioral expression of an emotion?

Sharing feelings with a friend (A) Signup and view all the answers

What emotional response is commonly felt after achieving unexpectedly good exam results?

Relief and happiness (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'emotion' etymologically mean?

To excite or move out (D) Signup and view all the answers

How is social structure defined in this context?

The pattern by which society is organized, either horizontally or vertically. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes vertical structure?

The ranking of people/groups in a hierarchy. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a role associated with status?

Jake being married. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect best characterizes a community in this context?

A set of people sharing certain characteristics and participating in joint activities. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What type of social structure is concerned with relationships among social groups?

Horizontal structure (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does the Schachter-Singer theory propose as the basis for emotional experiences?

Physiological arousal and cognitive appraisal (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to the Cannon-Bard theory, how do emotional responses and physiological changes relate to each other?

They occur simultaneously and independently (A) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of fear and excitement, how does cognitive appraisal influence emotion according to the Schachter-Singer theory?

It affects how one interprets the situation and labels the emotion (A) Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the Lazarus theory of emotion?

Emotions arise from cognitive appraisal of situations (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial step in the emotional response process according to the James-Lange theory?

Physiological change (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which situation best illustrates the application of the Cannon-Bard theory?

Experiencing fear and a racing heart upon seeing a snake (D) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of walking in a dark alley, which of the following exemplifies the Schachter-Singer theory?

Identifying the heart racing as fear after recognizing a potential threat (C) Signup and view all the answers

How does the physiological response manifest in both fear and excitement according to the two-factor theory?

Both emotions share identical physiological responses (B) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Emotion and its Components

Emotion is a feeling or affect, etymologically meaning "to excite" or "move out."
Emotions can range from basic feelings like fear to complex emotions like nostalgia.
Emotions have three components:
- Physical Component: Physiological changes accompany emotions (e.g., rapid heartbeat, heavy breathing during fear).
- Cognitive Component: The evaluation, interpretation, and identification of the emotion's type and intensity (e.g., excitement during exams, nervousness for others).
- Behavioral Component: The expression and communication of emotions through actions like facial expressions, tone of voice, and gestures.

Theories of Emotion

James-Lange Theory: Emotions are the result of physical sensations that are interpreted after the fact. (e.g., increased heart rate leads to fear).
Cannon-Bard Theory: Emotions and physiological responses occur simultaneously and independently in response to a stimulus. (e.g. Seeing a snake, increased heart rate and feeling of fear at the same time)
Schachter-Singer Theory (Two-Factor Theory): Emotional experience is a result of two factors: physiological arousal and cognitive appraisal of the situation. (e.g., physical arousal, combined with a perception of a dangerous situation, leads to fear)
Lazarus Theory: Emotions result from how a situation is interpreted or appraised. Cognitive appraisal precedes emotional response. (e.g., positive appraisal of exam results leads to happiness)

Social Structure: Social model or pattern of organization within a society—can be horizontal or vertical.
- Horizontal structure: Relationships among different social groups; Attributes of communities are included.
- Vertical structure (social inequality): Ranking of people or groups in a hierarchy.
Status and Roles:
- Status: Position or rank within a group or community.
- Role: Expected behaviors associated with a given status.
Filipino Relationships:
- Real kinship
- Ritual kinship
- Debt of gratitude (utang na loob)
- Market exchange (suki relationship)
- Patron-client relationship
- Filipino friendships
Filipino Values:
- Pakikisama: Group harmony
- Bayanihan: Cooperative spirit
- Utang na loob: Debt of gratitude
- Hiya: Social appropriateness

Social Institutions: Patterns of behavior and beliefs which help societies meet their objectives.
Leadership: Guiding others towards shared goals.
Leadership Styles:
- Reciprocal
- Transactional
- Transformational
- Cooperative
- Adaptive and goal-driven

Rewards

Emotional Rewards: Happiness and enjoyment from social connections.
Material Rewards: Social networks provide access to resources like food, shelter, and money.
Health Rewards: Happiness can boost immune system and resilience against stress, and reduce the common cold.

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